2019年7月29日月曜日

TOEFL iBT Independent Writing, What aspect of your hometown do you think is the most important to change, why? - revised -



Writing Topic 
There may be good points and bad points about your hometown. What aspect of your hometown do you think is the most important to change, why?



Let’s Think
1.      Which of the following is a more appropriate response to the question of this writing topic?
a.    I think communication between residents and the natural environment are the most important aspects to change in my hometown.
b.    I think communication between residents is the most important aspect to change in my hometown.
2.      What problems does a city have?
3.      What problems does the countryside have?
4.      What problems do the suburbs have?
5.      Make a presentation to your partner of group members on this topic by answering the questions below if you like.
1)    What kind of town is your home town?
2)    What do you think is the most important to change about it?
3)    Why you think so?
4)    How would you like it to change it?
5)    What kind of good results is expected?
6)    What kind of negative effects can be expected? What would you do with them?
6.      Give each other responses to each other’s presentation.


Hints for Points
1. Problems of a city: air/water/noise pollutions, less contact with nature, little human relation, few opportunities to join the local traditional events, few nurseries and kindergartens
2. Problems of the countryside: high unemployment rate, aging society, delicate relationship between the locals and new residents, lack of labor, fewer hospitals/doctors and nurses, lower education levels
3. Problems of the suburbs: long and tough commuting hours, diminishing old shopping arcades and mom-and-pop shops (large outlets and discount shops replacing them), decreasing green, little human relation


Sample Essay Structure
IntroductionLack of free space is the problem of my hometown.
Reason 1To raise productivity, our town needs more free space.
Reason 2Little free space lessons communication and range of activities of the residents, especially of the young, the elderly and the poor.
Demerits & CountermeasureFree open spaces often become hangouts of teenagers and delinquency can be the concern, but means to prevent it can be carried out by volunteers.
ConclusionA town with many stores but few places for life is my hometown and I would like to change this situation.

Your Sample Essay Structure


A            Introduction = Outline
              Details of the Problem
Change & Benefits
Demerits & Solution
Conclusion = Wrap-up
B            Introduction = Outline
              Details of the Problem
Idea 1 and Its Merits and Demerits
Idea 2 and Its Merits and Demerits
Conclusion = Wrap-up




Your Sample Essay Structure
Introduction = Outline
       
       
       
Conclusion = Wrap-up


Speech Time
Give a 50-second speech on this topic.


Sample Paragraph Development
Main IdeaTo raise productivity, our town needs more free space.
Supporting Detail (general)Our town provides space only for consumption.
Supporting Detail (specific)There is no big library or a park. Going into a coffee shop is the only choice left for the people who want to think or do some tasks outside of their houses.
Follow-up Some might say that you should study or work at home, but many people have problems concentrating at home and they can work better when in a public space.
Wrap-up My town should take the needs for creative environment into account in its planning.


Your Sample Paragraph Development:
Main Idea                                                                                       
                                                                                                    
Supporting Detail (general)                                                                      
                                                                                                    
Supporting Detail (specific)                                                                       
                                                                                                     
                                                                                                    
                                                                                                   
                                                                                                    
Follow-up                                                                                      
                                                                                                    
                                                                                                   
Conclusion                                                                                      
                                                                                                    

Comments or Suggestion from your partner or group members
                                                                                                    
                                                                                                     
                                                                                                    
                                                                                                     
                                                                                                    

TOEFL iBT Independent Writing, Suppose you had a chance to take a two-week trip to a foreign country. What country would you most wish to visit? - revised -


Writing Topic 
Suppose you had a chance to take a two-week trip to a foreign country. What country would you most wish to visit? Discuss your choice using specific details and reasons.


Let’s think
1.      Name possible foreign destinations for a three-month vacation, a two-week trip, and a two day trip.
Three-month vacation:
Two-week trip:
Two-day trip:
2.      Name countries you would like to visit for a two-week trip and explain why? What would you like to do during the two-week stay in the country you chose?
3.      Research the history and the culture of the country you would like to visit and report the result to your group members.


Hints for Points
1.      I would like to visit one of English speaking countries for English study. 
2.      China or other emerging economies would be nice to visit so that I can see vigorous societies.
3.      I wish to go to a country that is not so popular as a tourist destination because it is exciting to see a country that I do not know well and whose official language I do not know at all.
4.      I like ancient history. Therefore, I would definitely visit either Egypt, China, Iraq (Mesopotamia), or Iran (Persia) if there is not a travel ban.
5.      I am interested in biology, so either the Galapagos Islands or a country in the Sub-Saharan Africa would be my choice.


Sample Essay Structure
Introduction If I had a chance to take a two-week trip to a foreign country, I would like to visit Indonesia because I have studied the Indonesian language and it has many places to visit.
Point 1I would like to communicate with the people in Indonesian.
Point 2Indonesia is a country with diverse living traditional cultures and magnificent structures.
Negative PointAs a Japanese, I cannot be a totally happy tourist in this country because Japan occupied Indonesia in the past, but this makes the visit all the more meaningful.
ConclusionA two-week stay in Indonesia would help deepen my understanding of the country and get a better command of the language.

Sample Essay Structure Patterns


A.    Introduction
Point 1
Point 2
Negative Point and Why It Does Not Matter
Conclusion

B.    Introduction
Good Places for a Two-Week Trip
Reason for Choice 1
Reason for Choice 2
Conclusion = Wrap-up


Your Sample Essay Structure
Introduction
      
      
      
Conclusion

Speech Time
Give a 50-second speech on this topic.


Full Introduction Writing
A full introduction of an essay follows a form as follows.
Hook A sentence to attract the reader’s attention
Background The explanation of the hook
Thesis What you want to say in the essay
Reason(s) The outline of the Reasons of the thesis


Sample
Hook For many, the word “Down Under” has a negative connotation, but to me it sounds great.
Background I have heard a lot of good things about Australia from my mother who has been there.
Thesis If I had a chance to take a two-week trip to a foreign country, I would like to go to Australia.
Reason(s) I would like to see the unique wildlife, interact with the people, and learn about its history.

Ideas for Hooks and Backgrounds:
A            Hook Two years have passed since I left the US and I still miss the people there.
Background I did a one-year homestay and had a very good time there.
B            HookAlthough I am Japanese, my hometown is Jakarta, Indonesia.
Background I spent my childhood in this city near the equator.
C            HookMost people in Japan are not interested in countries that are located on the other side of the globe, but I am not one of them.
BackgroundI have been to some of the South American countries.
D           Hook& Background & ThesisThere are many attractive countries in Europe such as France,
Italy, Spain, Germany, and England, but I would like to go to Austria if I had a chance to take a
two-week trip to a foreign country.

Your Sample Full Introduction
Hook

Background

Thesis

Reason(s)



Comments or Suggestion from your partner or group members
                                                                                                    
                                                                                                     
                                                                                                    
                                                                                                    



TOEFL iBT Independent Writing, Only people who earn a lot of money are successful. - revised -

Writing Topic 
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Only people who earn a lot of money are successful. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.


Let’s think
1.      Do you agree with the following statement? Only Italian food is worth spending a lot of money on. Why do you disagree with it? How can you prove that it is wrong?

2.      Finding a counter example
One of the key words of this statement is “only”. Not many things can be described with “only” or “all,” so proving this statement is wrong might be a good start. How can you prove this statement is wrong?
--- To prove that a statement that only A is B is wrong, you show that non-A is also B. In other words, you come up with some counter examples to disprove the statement. Therefore, to disagree with the statement that only people who earn a lot of money are successful, you show that those who do not earn a lot of money are also successful.

3.      Thinking about the definition of “successful”
Another key word of this statement is “successful”. What is the definition of being successful?
--- Reaching a goal helps one feel successful personally, but, to others, it might not be successful. A murderer who has killed the person he believed should not be in this world cannot be called a successful person other than to those who have the same belief as this person. It seems that, to be successful, a person must meet some unsaid criteria set by the society. They might be those who have money, a higher status, or a good life. They might also be admired by many people or have accomplished something important.

4.      Thinking about “making a lot of money”
Is money an essential factor to be regarded as a successful person? Is your uncle who is a dedicated high school teacher everyone in his community respects not successful? What about a researcher who does not make a lot of money but is proud of the job because what the person is doing is part of a large current of a scientific pursuit in which the person shares interest and passion with numerous associates around the world, including those in the past and in the future?

Sample Essay Structure
IntroductionI do not think earning a lot of money is necessary to be successful because there are people who are looked upon as successful even though they do not make a lot of money.
Point 1A person can be regarded as successful if the person earns respect from the world by doing what he believes right.   e.g. Vincent van Gogh
Point 2A person can be regarded as successful if the person is leading a happy, decent life which most people would wish to be theirs.   e.g. a happy, good scientist
Point 3 / Counterargument-treatmentDeep in our heart, we know that becoming rich is not very important in life.   e.g. People consider how a certain rich person became rich in deciding whether he or she is successful or not.
ConclusionEarning a lot of money is only one way of being successful, and there are many people who are regarded as successful in other aspects of life.
Other Sample Conclusions
From the examples above, it is clear that there are many counter examples against the statement that only people who earn a lot of money are successful. Therefore, I cannot agree with the idea.
A large income is not the necessary condition for being successful. Thus, it cannot be said that only those who make a lot of money are successful.
When we think of history, there are few people we remember simply because they were rich. Overall, we remember people who did something with their livesthat were influential in politics, or contributed to science or art or religion. If history is the ultimate judge of success, then money surely isn’t everything. (Barron’s, Writing for the TOEFL iBT, p.322)

Your Sample Essay Structure
Introduction
Point 1
Point 2
Point 3 / Counterargument-treatment
Conclusion


Speech time
Make a one-minute speech on this topic.


Sample Paragraph Development
A      Main IdeaA person can be regarded as successful if the person earns respect from the world.
Supporting Detail (general)Many artists and musicians that young people aspire to be like were not rich.  
Supporting Detail (specific)For example, Vincent van Gogh is one of the most famous and successful artists. His paintings are sold at high prices. It might be difficult to find a museum of modern art without a van Gogh. Department stores have retrospectives of van Gogh as often as those of Impressionists and there is no fine art textbook without his paintings.
Follow upHowever, he never became rich while he was alive. What makes him successful is that he knew his artistic experiment was on the right track and made the world recognize it
Conclusion Although he did not make a lot money, van Gogh was successful as an artist.

B      Main IdeaA person leading a happy, decent life can be called a successful person.
Supporting Detail (general)A happily married full-time housewife can be successful.
Supporting Detail (specific)Even though she does not get paid, she professionally takes care of household work. She enjoys raising children and takes pride in passing down traditions and customs to them.
Follow upSociety often makes little of such people, saying that they do not produce anything substantial. However, they know that their jobs are as productive as any company.
Conclusion If a person is leading a mentally fulfilling life, the person can be called a successful person.


Your Sample Paragraph Development:
Main Idea                                                                                       
                                                                                                     
Supporting Detail (general)                                                                      
                                                                                                    
Supporting Detail (specific)                                                                        
                                                                                                    
                                                                                                    
                                                                                                   
Follow-up                                                                                      
                                                                                                    
                                                                                                   
Conclusion                                                                                      
                                                                                                    

Comments or Suggestion from your partner or group members