Pre-Grammar & Writing 暗記例文 Lesson 3

 

Name                                

以下の和文を英訳してください。覚え方のこつ:　１）先に下線部から覚える　２）言って覚えて書いて確認！

 

1         その問題を解決するためにPLOのそのリーダーが交渉に入ることを許されるといいと思う。

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

 

2         ワクチンが既に買われていたという話はかなり信じがたかった。

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　                  　　　　　　

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

 

3         私の主張はその法律はずっと前に廃止されているべきだったということだ。

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　                  　　　　　　

 

4         最初、私はあんなやり方で扱われることに慣れていなかった。

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　                  　　　　　　

 

 

 

 

TOEFL iBT Independent Writing What product would you like to invent? - revised -

 

Warm-up   Ask each other the following questions. Take notes of the answers.

1.       What activities do you enjoy the most? Are there any problems with them?

 

2.       What issues have you learned at school lately? What do we need to do to solve the problem?

 

3.       What makes you concerned or angry these days? What do you want to do with it?

 

 

 

Lesson 3  Writing Topic

Suppose you were an inventor and you had the knowledge and ability to develop a new product. What product would you like to invent?

 

 

☆Let’s think

Discuss the following questions.

1.     Is it all right to write about a product that is totally impossible like a time machine or Doraemon’s Wherever Door to answer this question?

Note: This topic starts with “Suppose you were …” This means that you can use your imagination and write about something imaginary.

 

2.     If you seem to have no idea about the product in the writing topic, how would you try to come up with one?

Note: If you have difficulty in coming up with an idea, trying to think of an idea related to the matter you know well is one idea. As you are always thinking about the matter, you have many things to write about it. If you are a political person, you might think of a product that can solve one of the biggest political problems. If you are always concerned about your relationships, you could write about a machine that can improve them.

 

☆Ideas and Expressions

1         a totally clean and safe reusable energy source

2         an application program which can tell you exactly how the person you are contacting online is feeling

3         a device that installs all the historical morals in everyone’s brain

4         a medicine which makes alcoholic drink harmless

5         an app with which people can experience the life of those bullied

 

 

☆Essay for ideas and expressions

2016 was the hottest year on record, and it is said that global warming has gone beyond the point of no return even if fossil-fuel burning is stopped right now. If possible, I would make a product which can decompose carbon dioxide into oxygen and carbon, producing carbohydrate as a by-product of the process at a relatively low cost so that people can tackle the problems related to the climate change in two ways: CO2 reduction and food security stabilization.

 

Global warming, combined with population increase and increasing demand for meat as a result of globalization, is worsening the problem of food shortage. For example, the rising temperature has been rapidly changing the flora and fauna in many regions and affecting agriculture. Many farmers have started having difficulty growing the same crops in the same ways as in the past, but studies on new types of crops more suitable to new weather patterns are behind the speed of climate change. Also, the number of inundated fields due to rising sea level or flood is increasing, and still many other places have problems of water shortage due to desertification, extremely rapid thawing of glacier, or drought, all of which are at least partly the results of rising temperature. It is clear that many more parts of the world will have difficulty providing people with enough food. 

 

Lowering CO2 level in the air is the top priority for human survival now. If there were a machine which can break down CO2, the main greenhouse gas, into two harmless substances, oxygen and carbon, it could safely and directly reduce the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. We could install the device in factories and the exhaust pipes of vehicles. Moreover, if it could produce carbohydrate along CO2 treatment, the dream machine would contribute to stabilizing food security, since carbohydrate is the source of energy. Carbohydrate made from the air can be provided regularly, so it would be a great help in making up for the food shortage.

 

It is true that putting reusable energy sources that already exist in place would be more important than creating a new machine. However, a decisively effective new energy source has not been found. Existing alternative energy sources such as solar and wind energy devices are not very efficient. Moreover, building new facilities produce CO2. Therefore, ways to wipe out the carbon in the air should be considered.

 

The impact of global warming can wipe the human race out. It would be nice if there were a machine that can directly suck out CO2 from the air and make food from it. It is the time when each individual’s conscience is tested and ingenuity called for. (449)

 

 

☆Presentation

Here is a little activity to help you think of what you are going to write about your invention.

Make a presentation or picture yourself making a presentation on your plan. The procedure is as follows:

1)     Here is the present situation. 

2)     I would like to change this situation in this way by inventing a product like this.

3)     Expected counterargument and ways to deal with it is as follows.

 

Answer the following questions.

1.     What is the present situation? What is hoped for? (Research the situation, if necessary.)

e.g. The threat of climate change and food shortage is worsening because of …..

 

 

 

 

2.     How would you like to change the situation with your product?

e.g. If I could, I would make a machine that makes carbohydrate from CO2 in the air.

 

 

 

 

3.     What would be the counterargument and how would you deal with it?

e.g. It is true that more efforts should be made to promote sustainable energy sources first, but they would not be in place soon.

 

 

 

 

 

☆Speech & Writing

Make a one-minute speech on this topic and then write a full essay on the same topic.

Pre-Grammar & Writing Good points and bad points of my town - revised -

Writing Topic

A person you know is planning to move to your town or city. What do you think this person would like and dislike about living in your town or city? Why? Use specific reasons and details to develop your essay.

知り合いがあなたの町・市に引っ越す予定です。この人はあなたの町・市に住むことについて何が好きで何が嫌いだと思いますか？

 

 

☆Let’s Think

That “there is no place like home” is often “in the eye of the beholder”. In the eye of a person who is from somewhere else, your town or city has a short-coming or two. Objective view of your town would help (to) come up with the response to this writing topic question.

「住めば都」はしばしば「ひいき目」だ。どこかよそから来た人の目からみるとあなたの町・市には一つや二つの欠点がある。あなたの町に対する客観的な視点がこの課題の質問への答えを思いつく助けになるだろう。

 

☆Hints for Points

1.     many/few facilities for entertainment/study/networking

娯楽・勉強・つながりづくりのための施設が多い・少ない

2.     buildings and streets with beautiful/shabby appearances

美しい・みすぼらしい外観の建物と通り

3.     sufficient/insufficient transportation systems and high/low transportation costs

十分な・不十分な交通機関と高い・低い交通費

4.     existence/absence of scholarship program/free tuition

奨学金・授業料無料の存在・不在

5.     dense population/under population

人口過密・過疎

6.     caring/apathetic neighbors

面倒見の良い・無関心な隣人

 

☆Sample Essay Structures

Sample 1

【Introduction = Outline】If one of my acquaintances plans to come to my city, the person would find it very exciting to live in but probably dislike the natural environment.

【good point 1】The city I live in has many stylish places for fun and cultural facilities.  e.g. award-winning bakeries, many kinds of restaurants, movie theaters, museums, galleries, sports centers, etc.

【good point 2】It is easy to get around my city because it has good transportation networks.  e.g. easy access to the subway stations and highways

【bad point】Lack of nature would make some unhappy.  e.g. air pollution, noise

【Conclusion = Wrap-up】Although it is not perfect to inhabit for a long time, my city is an inspiring place for most people.

【導入＝概要】もし私の知り合いの一人が私の町にやってくるならば、その人は住むにはとてもワクワクさせると思うだろうが恐らく自然は環境は好きではないだろう。

【長所 1】私の住む都市はたくさんの上品な娯楽のための場所や文化施設がある。例 受賞したパン屋さん、様々な種類のレストラン、映画館、博物館、美術館、スポーツセンター等

【長所 2】良い交通網があるので私の市を動き回るのが容易だ。 例 地下鉄と高速道路への容易なアクセス

【短所】自然の欠如で不満な人もいるだろう。 例 大気汚染、騒音

【結論＝まとめ】長期間住むのには不完全だが私の市は大抵の人にとって刺激的な場所だ。

 

Sample 2

【Introduction = Outline】I live in a college town in the mountains. It is a sleepy town and a little inconvenient, but nature-lovers and bookworms may like it.

【bad point 1】It is inconvenient because there are few shops and the express train passes my town. 

【bad point 2】 The municipal office does not collect some types of waste.  cardboard boxes, fluorescent light bulbs

【good points】There are many facilities for reading. e. g. many book stores, a big library

In addition, there is plenty of nature.  e.g. wild birds

【Conclusion = Wrap-up】 Other than a small garbage-related problem, the living conditions of my town would not be bad, especially for students.

【導入＝概要】私は山の中の大学町に住んでいる。活気のない街で少し不便だが自然が好きな人と本好きは好きかもしれない。

【短所 1】私の街には店がほとんどなく急行が止まらないので不便だ。

【短所 2】市役所が収集しないゴミがある。 例 段ボール箱、蛍光管

【良い点】読書の為の施設が沢山ある。 例 沢山の書店、大きな図書館  加えて沢山の自然がある。 例 野鳥

【結論＝まとめ】 ごみ関連の小さな問題以外は私の街の生活条件は悪くないだろう。 特に学生には。

 

 

Your Sample Essay Structure

【Introduction = Outline】

【Point 1】

【Point 2】

【Point 3】

【Conclusion = Wrap-up】

 

☆Essay for Ideas and Expressions 

アイディアと表現のためのエッセイ

 

My hometown is in the outskirts of an ordinary provincial city, Fukuyama, which is about 80 kilometers east of the City of Hiroshima. If someone I know decides to live in my town, the person will find it a little boring but at the same time likable.

私の故郷の街は広島市から約８０キロ東にある普通の地方都市福山のはずれにある。もし誰か私の知り合いが私の街に住むことに決めたら少し退屈だが同時に好ましいと思うだろう。

 

My town is a residential area which was a small village five decades ago, and there are few places for entertainment. There are neither nice restaurants nor fast food shops. There is no theater, either. It takes 20 minutes by bus to get to the city center, where there is one department store and a few chain stores like McDonald’s. Therefore, everyday life in my town is not urban.

私の街は50年前は小さな村だった住宅地で娯楽施設はほとんどない。素敵なレストランもファーストフード店もない。映画館もない。デパートがひとつとマクドナルドの様なチェーン店が数店ある市内に行くのにはバスで20分かかる。従って私の街の日常は都会的でない。

 

Still, there are two good points in my town. One is its beautiful landscape. It is located near the mouth of a first-grade river. Thus, you can see the ebb and flow and smell the salty winds. My favorite pastime in my childhood was enjoying from the top of a hill the views of yachts floating on the blue water of the huge river in the sunshine and the twilight view of the riverbanks in the evening. The views of the nearby bay area were used in an animation film by Hayao Miyazaki, a world-famous animation writer. No one can hate the views.

それでも私の街には良い点が二つある。ひとつはその美しい景観だ。町は一級河川の河口に位置している。それで潮の満ち干を見ることができ潮風のにおいをかぐことができる。子供時代の私のお気に入りの暇つぶしは太陽の光の中でその大きな川の青い水に浮いているヨットや夕方の両岸の薄暮の眺めを丘の上から楽しむことだった。最寄りの港エリアの景色は世界的に有名なアニメ作家である宮崎駿のアニメ映画で使用された。これらの景色を嫌える人はいない。

 

The other good point of my town is that the area traditionally has the spirit of freedom in education. The elementary school I attended was an ordinary public school, but it had children participate in the class and prioritized inquiry and ingenuity. This is unusual in Japan, particularly in the countryside. I recently learned that this educational concept has its origin far back in the Edo era, when Fukuyama had a Terakoya, temple hut, school in which both genders were taught equally and which saw equal numbers of full-fledged teachers of both genders leave. This school was run by the lord who, working in the agency for interpretation of foreign languages in the Edo government, suggested a two-chamber system under a unified government. If the person I know is planning to raise children here, the person will be happy to find an ideal educational environment for creative thinking.

私の街のもうひとつの良い点はこの地域が伝統的に教育における自由の気風があるということだ。私が通った小学校は普通の公立校だったが授業で子供に参加させ探求と工夫を優先した。これは日本、特に田舎では普通ではなかった。最近知ったのだがこの教育理念ははるか江戸時代に起源があり、福山には男女が平等に教えられ男女同数の一人前の教師を送り出した寺子屋があった。この学校は江戸幕府の外国語翻訳局に勤め統一政府の下の二院制を提案した藩主によって運営されていた。もし私の知り合いがここで子育てをする予定なら創造的思考の為の理想的な教育環境を見出して喜ぶだろう。

 

My town is not a fancy place but has beautiful scenery and hard-core spirit of freedom. I am sure that my acquaintance will like it.

私の街はおしゃれな所ではないが美しい眺めと筋金入りの自由の気風がある。私の知り合いはきっと気に入ってくれると思う。

 

Pre-Grammar & Writing 暗記例文 Lesson 2

以下の和文を英訳してください。覚え方のこつ:　１）先に下線部から覚える　２）言って覚えて書いて確認！

 

1         食堂で昼食を食べている間に私は彼らを見た。（下線部を分詞構文にしてください）

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

 

2         他の人がそれを好きかどうかは私は気にしない。

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　                  　　　　　　

 

3         私は礼儀正しくその発言が聞こえなかったふりをした。

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

 

4         夜は静かにするように私はルームメイトに要求した。

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　                  　　　　　　

 

5         最も重要なことはどのように私たちが気候危機を扱うかだ。

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　                  　　　　　　

 

 

TOEFL iBT Independent Writing Technology always contributes to improving human society. - revised -

Name:                      

 

WARM-UP

◍Research and discuss merits and demerits of social media.

 

Advantages:

 

Disadvantages:

 

 

 

STEP 1 Composition

Sample Sentence Structures

A.    Nowadays, many people seem to believe that ～ always, ---, but I think that ～also ------.

今日、多くの人が～は常に --- だと信じているようだ。しかし～はまた ----- だと思う。

 

 

1.     今日多くの人が科学技術による開発は常に私たちの生活を改善すると信じているようだ。しかしそれはまた生活から多くの大切なものを奪うと思う。

 

                                                                                             

                                                                                            

                                                                                            

 

2.     Your own composition on social media using this sentence structure.

                                                                                            

                                                                                            

                                                                                            

 

 

B In my country Japan, ～have helped us ---, but we now face -----

私の国日本では、～は私たちが --- するのを助けてきた。しかし現在私たちは ----- に直面している。

 

1.     私の国日本では、原子力が豊かな生活の享受を助けてきた。しかし現在私たちは福島原発事故(Fukushima nuclear disaster, Fukushima meltdown)による放射能汚染問題に直面している。

                                                                                             

                                                                                            

                                                                                            

 

2.     Your own composition on social media using this sentence structure

 

                                                                                            

                                                                                            

                                                                                            

 

 

 

 

 

 

Answer Keys

 

 

WARM-UP

◍Research and discuss advantages and disadvantages of social media.

 

Advantages: decentralization of information, faster and more frequent communication, mass dissemination of good ideas and movements, online business/shopping

 

Disadvantages:  fake news, monopoly, income gap, manipulation of perception, new types of crimes

 

 

STEP 1 Composition

Sample Sentence Structures

B.    Nowadays, many people seem to believe that ～ always, ---, but I think that ～also ------.

今日、多くの人が～は常に --- だと信じているようだ。しかし～はまた ----- だと思う。

 

3.     今日多くの人が科学技術による開発は常に私たちの生活を改善すると信じているようだ。しかしそれはまた生活から多くの大切なものを奪うと思う。

 

Nowadays, many people seem to believe that the development by technology always improves our lives, but I think that it also deprives a lot of important things of our lives.

 

4.     Your own composition on social media using this sentence structure.

 

Nowadays, many people seem to believe that social media always contribute to democratization of our world, but I think that they also widen gaps between the rich and the poor.

 

 

B In my country Japan, ～have helped us ---, but we now face -----

私の国日本では、～は私たちが --- するのを助けてきた。しかし現在私たちは ----- に直面している。

 

3.     私の国日本では、原子力が豊かな生活の享受を助けてきた。しかし現在私たちは福島原発事故(Fukushima nuclear disaster, Fukushima meltdown)による放射能汚染問題に直面している。

 

In my country Japan, nuclear power has helped us enjoy prosperous life, but we now face the problem of radioactive contamination due to Fukushima nuclear accident.

 

4.     Your own composition on social media using this sentence structure

 

In my country Japan, social media have helped us create new pop culture such as emoji, but we now face small vocabulary and disability to comprehend sentences in context.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Lesson 2  Writing Topic

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Technology always contributes to improving human society. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

 

 

☆Let’s Think

1.       How do the following two sentences differ? Which do you think describes sports less accurately?

a.     Sports contribute to building friendship.

b.     Sports always contribute to building friendship.

 

Note: The word “always” is a key to answer this question. There are not many things that always happen. You may say to your friend, “You are always complaining about your sister,” but you do not literally mean it. You know she does many other things. Most things have exceptions. If some exceptions can be cited about the statement in a writing topic, the conclusion will be negative.

 

2.       What is the difference between “human society” and “the world”? Do they overlap?      

 

Note: Human society is in the world. What is bad for the world can be bad for human society.

 

3.       Do you agree with the statement in the Writing Topic above? Why or why not?

 

 

☆Hints for Points

1.       Technology has helped cook better meals, wear more comfortable clothing, and build a shelter to avoid elements. It also helps transportation and communication. It helps us import and export goods and services. It allows those who are away from each other communicate with ease. It saves us time by doing routines. Dangerous jobs are done by technology. Jobs that are impossible by human hand can be done by technology. Technologies make our lives richer and longer than before.

 

2.       It is difficult to say that human society has been improved as technology improved. Yuval Noah Harari says that we were happiest when we were hunting and gathering, before we came up with irrigation, rice-paddy technology, which stole most of our free time and healthy diet.

 

3.       Pollution has caused many suffering and deaths. Although not affecting our life before, global warming has started biting because human society is part of the world.

 

4.       Some claim that even if technology causes a problem, it makes up for it, and thus all in all, technology makes our world better. However, victims of technological development will be unhappy forever. For example, atomic bombs made the victims’ lives shorter and harder and nothing can make up for this loss.

                                                                                                        

 

☆Essay for Ideas and Expressions

“Technology is basically neutral. It’s kind of like a hammer. The hammer doesn’t care whether you use it to build a house, or whether a torturer uses it to crush somebody’s skull.” - Noam Chomsky

Humans and humans are both good and bad, and thus I cannot totally agree with the statement that technology always contributes to improving human society

 

Technology in itself is neither good nor bad. A hammer is basically neither good nor bad. Man uses it to do either good or bad. You could replace the word hammer in the quote above with, say, a jet engine, atomic energy, or information technology (IT). Then you could make similar sentences for the same idea:

 

A jet engine doesn’t care whether you use it to fly an airplane to carry people and goods over the oceans or whether someone uses it to have a plane smash into a huge commercial building.

 

Atomic energy doesn’t care whether a government uses it for power plants to light up its cities, or whether a state uses it to destroy a whole city and eliminate almost all of its population.

 

Information technology doesn’t care whether people use it to share information to improve each other’s situation, or whether some social media users end up with driving a celebrity to commit suicide.

 

Our nature makes technology both a boon and a curse. Technology can be used in both positive and negative ways depending on us humans, and humans have both positive and negative sides. We can be ill-intentioned, weak, or careless. Therefore, technologies are often used negatively to the benefit of the human race.

 

Also, our ignorance has made technology go out of control. What scientists know is only a fraction of nature and technology is part of our society, which we do not remember the last time we controlled well. Thus, technology often causes results that no one could foresee. Antibiotics were discovered and used to save lives, but in decades their overuse has created super bugs, antibiotic-resistant viruses. The development of transportation, by which humans and things spread around the world and which contributed to the development of some societies, impoverished other societies, caused global warming, and spread microorganisms and fungi, causing numerous deaths and threatening the future of the earth. Technology is almost always related to both positive and negative changes of society.

 

It is true that we have used technology to make our lives convenient. It is also true that we have used technology to overcome difficulties caused by technologies. However, the fact that technology has been the cause of degradation of many aspects of life and death will not disappear. Therefore, it cannot be said that technology always contributes to improving human society.

 

 

☆Making the Framework of the Full Essay

Sample Essay Structure

【Introduction = Outline】 Disagree: a double edged sward; he who uses it can be both productive and unproductive

【Point 1】can be a weapon  e.g. atomic energy

【Point 2】can bring about disasters  e.g. oil well drilling technology

【Point 3】can degrade some part of the population  e.g. social media

【Conclusion = Wrap-up】often negative effects on the development of human society

 

Your Sample Essay Structure

【Introduction = Outline】

【Point 1】

【Point 2】

【Point 3】

【Conclusion = Wrap-up】