2018年4月28日土曜日

Pre-TOEFL Writing, Learning about the past has no value for those of us living in the present. - rewrite -


Writing Topic
Learning about the past has no value for those of us living in the present. Do you agree or disagree? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
現在に生きている私たちにとって過去について学ぶことは全く価値がない。賛成ですか反対ですか?具体的な理由と例を使って答えを支持してください。


Let’s Think
The first sentence of the writing topic has the word “no”, which means zero. There are not so many things that have zero value in this world. Scientists value past data. Also, if it is simply put, the phrase “learning about the past” is learning history, and we have history classes at school. Therefore, there may well be some value in learning about the past. For what purposes do we learn history and analyze the past data?
ライティングトピックの最初の文には「全く~ない」という語がありゼロを意味する。この世界に全く価値のないことはそんなに多くはない。科学者は過去のデータを大切にする。また単純化すると「過去について学ぶこと」という語句は歴史を学ぶことであり学校では歴史の授業がある。従って過去の付いて学ぶことには何らかの価値がある可能性が大いにある。何の目的で私たちは歴史を学び過去のデータを分析するのだろう?

Hints for Points
By learning about the past,
歴史を学ぶことによって
1.    you can learn about the present because the present is the result of the past.
現在について学ぶことができる。なぜなら現在は過去の結果だから。
2.    you can predict the future.
未来を予測できる。
3.    you can find some laws and relations of a phenomena.
ある現象の法則と関係を見つけることができる。
4.    you can learn lessons from the past mistakes.
過去の過ちから教訓を学ぶことができる。
5.    you can understand something more deeply.
何かをより深く理解できる。
6.    you can know yourself.
自分自身を知ることができる。
7.    you can increase knowledge.
知識を増やすことができる。

Sample Essay Structure
Introduction = OutlineI disagree with the opinion that learning about the past has no value for those of us living in the present because it teaches us many important things.
Point 1You can learn about the present and forecast the future by learning about the past   e.g. world history and today’s geopolitical situation, past earthquakes and the future of plate tectonics
Point 2Learning lessons from the past mistakes is another aspect of learning about the past.  e.g. wars
Point 3Past records tell you who you are.  e.g. Out of Africa theory, invasion to other countries
Conclusion = Wrap-upSince there are many counter examples. I do not think that learning about the past is useless for modern people to do it.
【導入=概略】現在に生きている私たちにとって過去について学ぶことは全く価値がないという意見に反対だ。なぜなら過去について学ぶことで多くのことを学ぶからだ。
【要点1】過去について学ぶことによって現在について学び未来を予測することができる。 世界史と現在の地政学的状況、過去の地震と将来の地殻変動は過去について学ぶことの別の面だ。
【要点2】過去の失敗から学ぶことは過去について学ぶことのまた別の面だ。例 戦争
【要点3】過去の記録から自分が何者か分かる。 アフリカ起源説、他国への侵略
【結論=まとめ】反例が沢山あるので、現代人が過去について学ぶことが無駄だとは思わない。

Your Sample Essay Structure
Introduction = Outline
Point 1
Point 2
Point 3
Conclusion = Wrap-up


Sample Paragraph Developments
Sample Paragraph Development 1
You can learn about the present and forecast the future by learning about the past because the present is the result of the past and history repeats itself. Without learning Japanese history, for example, you will never know why there is a huge palace in the middle of Tokyo and why there are so many U.S. military bases throughout Japan. In history classes, we learn that Japan has had a long history centered around the royal family and that it lost WWII. Then we can see clearly the situation we are in now and predict what can or cannot happen in the future.
現在は過去の結果であり歴史は繰り返すので、過去について学ぶことによって現在について学び未来を予測することができる。例えば日本の歴史を学ぶことなしに東京の真ん中に巨大な宮殿がある理由や日本中にそんなにも多くの米軍基地がある理由は決して分からないだろう。日本は皇族中心の長い歴史を経てきていることや第二次世界大戦に負けたことを歴史の授業で学ぶ。それで現在の状況を明確に理解し将来起こることや起こらないことを予測できる。

Sample Paragraph Development 2
Learning lessons from the past mistakes is another aspect of learning about the past. For example, we try to avoid big wars because they make everyone, including the rich, poor and at least one of your family or friends killed. Also, economists warn us when economic deregulation occurs because past records show economic deregulation-crisis cycles. By learning from the past, we humans have made progress little by little.
過去の失敗から学ぶことは過去について学ぶことのまた別の面だ。例えば戦争はお金持ちを含むすべての人を貧しくし家族か友達の少なくともひとりは死ぬからだ。また、過去の記録から経済の規制緩和による危機が繰り返すことが分かるので、経済の規制緩和が起こる時経済学者は私たちに警告を発する。過去から学ぶことにより私たち人間は少しずつ進歩してきた。


Sample Paragraph Development 3
Past records tell you who you are. Learning about where we came from and what kind of beings we are is one of the main purposes of studies. History tells you that we all humans originate from Africa, and we understand that all humans are brothers and sisters. In Japan, where I live, students learn from history not only our interesting history, tradition, and culture but also our invasion to other countries, and we realize that we cannot be totally proud of ourselves and that we have to watch ourselves as a people. To correctly see what past generations did is to know ourselves well because our ancestors are part of us. Thus, to learn about the past is valuable for us to live well.
過去の記録から自分が何者か分かる。 私たちがどこからきたのかそして私たちがどんな存在なのかについて学ぶことは学問の主な目的のひとつだ。歴史は全ての人間の起源はアフリカであると教え、そして私たちは全ての人間が兄弟姉妹であることを理解する。私の住む日本では学生は歴史から日本の興味深い歴史・伝統・文化だけでなく他国に侵略したことを学び、完全に自尊することはできないし民族として自分たちを戒めなくてはならないことを悟る。過去の世代が行ったことを正しく理解することは自分たち自身を良く知ることだ。なぜなら自分の祖先は自分の一部だからだ。だから良く生きるために、過去について学ぶことは価値がある。

2018年4月27日金曜日

TOEFL iBT, Independent Writing, Suppose that you wish to travel from your home to a place 100 miles (160 kilometers) from your home. Discuss the different types of transportation you might use, and compare the merits of the various forms of transport. Which manner of travel would you choose, and why? - rewrite -


Writing Topic
Suppose that you wish to travel from your home to a place 100 miles (160 kilometers) from your home. Discuss the different types of transportation you might use, and compare the merits of the various forms of transport. Which manner of travel would you choose, and why?

Let’s Think                
This writing topic sets a specific condition and directs you to compare the merits of the choices under the condition before writing about your choice. You could use your thought process of narrowing down the choices to answer this type of question.

Discussion
1.    Let’s discuss the condition.
e.g. I live in the center of Tokyo, so a place 100 miles from my place is farther than my school but not so far as my grandparents place, which I usually visit by airplane.

I live in                                , so the place 100 miles from my place is farther than
                                     but not so far as                                              ,
which I usually visit by                         .

2.    Let’s narrow down the choices according to the condition
e.g. For a 100-mile trip, taking an airplane would not be a good idea because it is too expensive and rather bothersome. Bicycle would also not be an ideal choice because it consumes your energy.

For a 100-mile trip/using/taking/riding               would not be a good idea because
                 would also not be an ideal choice because                                               ,

Key Words: expensive, time-consuming, troublesome, tiresome, slow, etc.

3.    Let’s discuss the merits of the choices left.
e.g  I could take a train because it allows me to do my work or sleep. It is also punctual and safe. Riding a bus would also be good because it has a good view.

Key words: fast, safe, inexpensive, punctual, spacious, relaxing, flexible, free, environmentally-friendly, no traffic jam, allows you to do many sings in it, lets you enjoy the view, you don’t have to carry your baggage around, you don’t have to worry about missing your stop, etc.

I could ride/take                 because
Taking/Riding                 would also be good because                                               ,

4.    Let’s make a conclusion giving reasons and tell each other about your choices..
NOTES: The question does not require that you reach an objective conclusion. It is about your choice, in other words, about your preference. Therefore you could choose a car because, for example, you like driving!
「交通」transportation (不可算)、「交通手段」means of transportation

e.g  I would ride my car to get to the destination because I can start and stop whenever I like.

I would                 part;y because                                                                
And partly because                                                                                   ,


Speech Time
Organize your thoughts and make a one-minute speech on this topic.
(Do not worry. Everybody in class speaks at the same time on the teacher’s cue!)
First, looking at your notes, and then looking up and trying not to look at the notes.



Sample Paragraph Development
Main Idea Taking a train is a good idea because it is punctual and relaxing.
ExplanationUnlike the car, which often gets caught in a traffic jam, the train reaches the destination on time while you have a comfortable ride.
Detail in general A trip on the train reminds you of a school excursion. You get a ticket, wait for it to come into the station, and get on it. After you find a seat and settle in it, you can do anything you like till it reaches your stop.
.Specific DetailYou could just enjoy the view, chat with your company, play a game, read, work, eat, or sleep.
Follow-upIt will probably take an hour or so to get to your stop, but to you, it feels like a flash of time.
Conclusion If you do not care about having to be in time for the departure, taking a train is a good way of going to a place 100 miles away from home.
【主題】 時間に正確でゆったりしているので電車に乗るのは良い考えだ。
【説明】 よく交通渋滞に巻き込まれる車とは違い、電車は心地よく乗っている間に目的地に時間通りに着く。
【一般的な詳細】 電車の旅は学校の遠足を思い出させる。切符を買って、電車が駅に入ってくるのを待ち、そして乗り込む。座席を見つけて落ち着いた後は下車駅に着くまで何でも好きなことができる。
【具体的な詳細】景色を楽しんだり仲間とおしゃべりしたりゲームをしたり読書したり仕事をしたり食べたり寝たりできる。
【補足】駅に着くのに恐らく約1時間かそこらかかるが自分にとっては一瞬に思える。
【結論】出発に間に合わなくてはならないのを構わなければ電車に乗るのは家から100マイル離れたところに行く良い方法だ。

Your Sample Paragraph Development
Main Idea
Explanation
Detail in general
More Specific Detail
Follow-up / Counterargument-treatment
Conclusion


Appendix: Sample Body Structure for a Writing Topic Similar to the Writing Topic Above
付録: 上記ライティングトピックと似たライティングトピック用の本論構成例
Writing Topic: A foreign visitor has only one day to spend in your country. Discuss the different possible destinations. Where do you think this visitor should go? Why?
ライティングトピック:外国人の来訪者があなたの国で一日しか過ごせません。可能な来訪先をいろいろ述べてください。どこに行くべきだと思いますが?なぜですか?

Sample answer following the sample thought process used above
1.    Discussing the conditions, and narrowing down the choices according to the conditions
条件に付いて述べ、条件に従い選択肢を狭める
A foreign visitor might want to experience something that represents the country. Also, the person might want to see as many aspects of the country as possible. However, there is only one day to spend, so the person might not want to waste time for transit unless the transit itself serves as an experience like riding the Japanese high-speed railway line. For example, seeing modern Japan in Tokyo and then traditional Japan in a mountain village in Shikoku in a day is, while attractive, impossible because it takes half a day to move from one to the other.
外国からの来訪者はその国を代表する何かを経験したいかもしれない。また、できるだけ多くの面を観たいかもしれない。しかし、一日しか過ごせないので、日本の高速鉄道に乗るような移動自体が経験になる場合でない限り移動のために時間を無駄にしたくないだろう。例えば東京で近現代的な日本を見て、それから四国の山村の伝統的な日本を一日で見ることは魅力的ではあるが、一方から他方に移動するのに半日かかるので不可能だ。

2.    Discussing the choices that have been left
残された選択肢について述べる
There are many attractive sightseeing spots in Japan. Hokkaido would be a good place to visit for those who want to enjoy nature and good food. It is also famous for its annual snow festival with huge snow sculptures. Okinawa, the area of southern islands, has its own distinct culture and great hospitality. Kyoto, the old capital, would be the place to visit to experience the essence of Japanese traditional culture. Regulations keep it almost intact from development. All of these places are most popular tourist destinations in Japan but each individually cannot represent today’s Japan as a whole.
日本には多くの魅力的な観光地がある。北海道は自然とおいしい食べ物を楽しむ人が訪れると良い場所だ。巨大な雪の彫刻のある毎年の雪まつりでも有名だ。南部の島々の地域である沖縄は独自の文化と素晴らしいもてなしがある。古都京都は日本の伝統文化の神髄を経験するために訪れるべき場所だろう。規制により開発からほとんど無傷に保たれている。これら全ての場所が日本で最も人気のある観光地だが各自が現代日本を全体として代表することはできない。

3.    Making a conclusion giving reasons
理由をつけて結論を出す
I think a foreign tourist with only one day to spend in my country should visit Tsukishima, Tokyo. Although not famous, he or she can see both the high-technology and the traditional life of Japan existing side by side with a great contrast. Juxtaposed to state-of-the-art buildings are good old residences, small factories, and eateries serving the local specialty, monja. Businessmen quickly pass an old lady pushing a cart slowly on the sidewalk. This is an old business district near Tokyo Bay that has been experiencing a rapid development over the past ten years. After strolling here for a couple of hours and feeling a fragment of real Japan, the visitor could take a short train-ride to the Sky Tree Tower and Sensoji Temple nearby, the latest and the oldest sightseeing spots respectively, for snapshots and souvenirs.  (This passage was written in 2012.)
私の国で一日しか過ごせない外国人観光客は東京の月島に行くべきだと思う。有名ではないが、大きな対比をなし隣り合って存在する日本のハイテクと伝統的な性格の両方を見ることができる。最先端のビルと並置されて古びた家や町工場や地元の名物料理のもんじゃ焼きを出す食堂がある。歩道で手押し車をゆっくり押してゆくおばあさんをビジネスマンが素早く通り過ぎてゆく。ここは過去十年間急速な開発を経験してきている東京湾近くの古いビジネス街だ。ここで2時間歩き回って本当の日本のかけらを感じた後、訪れた人は電車に少し乗り、それぞれが最新と最古の観光地である近くのスカイツリーと浅草寺に記念写真とお土産のために行くことができる。(この文章は2012年に書かれた)

2018年4月22日日曜日

Pre-TOEFL Writing, Choose one of the following transportation vehicles and explain why you think it has changed people’s lives: automobiles/bicycles/airplanes. - rewrite -


Writing Topic
Choose one of the following transportation vehicles and explain why you think it has changed people’s lives: automobiles/bicycles/airplanes. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
以下の交通用の乗り物のひとつを選び、人々の生活を変えたと思う理由を説明してください。自動車・自転車・飛行機


Let’s Think
How can we prove something has changed people’s lives? One way would be to show how our lives are different before and after the change.
どのようにすれば何かが人々の生活を変えたことを証明することができるだろうか?ひとつの方法は変化の前後で私たちの生活がどのように異なるかを示すことだろう。

Hints for Points
Automobiles 自動車
1.    have helped development by increasing mobility of goods and people.  e.g. Cars have taken places of horses.
物や人の流動性を増すことによって発展を助けた。 自動車は馬に取って代わった。
2.    have enabled people to travel around the country. Many people never left their hometown till they died.
国中を旅することを可能にした。以前は死ぬまで生まれ故郷を一度も去らない人が多かった。
3.    have made our future insecure by emitting global warming gas.
温暖化ガスを排出することにより私たちの将来を不安にした。

Bicycles 自転車
1.    have increased freedom of people, especially those who did not have cars.  
人、とくに車のない人の自由を増加させた。
2.    have become a new sport or means of exercise.  
新しいスポーツあるいは運動手段になった。
3.    currently are appreciated as an environmentally-friendly means of transportation.
現在は環境に優しい交通手段として認められている。

Airplanes 飛行機
1.    have made
2.    have made international mobility of materials and people faster. 
e.g.  International mail and packages reach their destinations much faster than before.
物資と人の国際的流動性を加速させた。 国際郵便や小包が以前よりずっと速く目的地に着く。
3.    have allowed many people to enjoy traveling overseas and created a new industry, international tourism.  
多くの人が海外旅行を楽しむことを可能にし、新しい産業である国際観光業を生み出した。
4.    have accelerated global warming by using a large amount of oil and spread organisms around the globe  e.g. mass extinction, pandemic
大量の石油使用により温暖化を加速させ、地球各地に生物を広がらせた。例 大量絶滅、病気の大流行

Sample Essay Structures
Introduction = OutlineCars have expanded the area of our activity and changed the outlook of society.
change 1Automobiles have made our travel freer.  e.g. more flexible than trains or horses
change 2Cars have developed economic activities, revolutionized the industry, and changed urban landscapes.  e.g. easier and faster shipping, development of cities
change 3Cars have had a strong impact on our daily lives and the environment.  e.g. obsession with efficiency, decrease of green due to the increase of roads, noise, accidents, air pollution, climate change
Conclusion = Wrap-upAutomobiles have had both good and bad impacts on people’s lives.
【導入=概要】車は私たちの活動エリアを広げ、社会の外観を変えた。  
【変化1】自動車は旅を自由にした。 電車や馬より柔軟性がある
【変化2】車のおかげで経済活動が発展し、産業に革命を起こし、都市の景観を変えた。 より容易で速い輸送、都市の発達
【変化3】車は私達の日常生活と環境に強い影響を与えた。 効率への強迫観念、道路の増加による緑の減少、騒音、事故、大気汚染、気候変動
【結論=まとめ】自動車は人々の生活に良い影響と悪い影響の両方を与えた。

Your Sample Essay Structure
Introduction = Outline
Point 1
Point 2
Point 3
Conclusion = Wrap-up
Note: 「~に影響を与える」have an effect/influence/impact on (give effect to) , affect/influence


Sample Paragraph Development 
段落展開例

Main IdeaPeople started traveling around the world owing to the airplane.
Supporting DetailsFor example, before the popularization of the jet-plane, few people used to go overseas and doing it was expensive, but, in these days, people use the plane not only for business but also for fun.
Wrap-upAirplanes have been expanding and diversifying people’s activities.
【主張】飛行機のおかげで人々は世界中を旅し始めた。
【詳細】例えばジェット飛行機の普及以前は海外に行く人はほとんどいなかったしそうすることはお金がかかった。しかし最近ではビジネスだけでなく楽しみのために飛行機を使用する。
【まとめ】飛行機は人々の活動を拡大・多様化し続けている。