早稲田国際教養学部AO入試 The Root Cause of Global Poverty Homework

 Read the excerpt from Confessions of a Former Bastard Cop and answer the following question.

https://medium.com/@OfcrACab/confessions-of-a-former-bastard-cop-bb14d17bc759

Question:
The writer suggests abolishing the current policing system in the US. Do you think the same idea should be applied to the Japanese police? Why/Why not?

Answer Key

Agree:

Although many think the Japanese police is functioning well and that there is no need to abolish it, I think it better to consider abolishing the police. 

Police as the guard for those in power: That the police are not for the public but for the authority is universal. The Japanese police has been helping for the government to execute its decisions. During WWII, those who were against the war were arrested and some were attacked or killed. A well-known example is the death of Takiji Kobayashi, a novelist and communist who was tortured in prison.

Cases of police brutality: Minor cases of police brutality exist in today’s Japan. Over the past few years, those who express their opinion against the government have been targeted by the police. In 2008 in Shibuya, Tokyo, organizers of an event to see the mansion of the then prime minister Aso met a surprise arrest during the event although the event had been reported and permitted in advance. In 2019 in Hokkaido, during the midterm-election speech of PM Abe, a man who cried out loud to request Abe’s resignation was physically removed from the venue. In 2020, in Tokyo, Women silently holding picket signs to protest the policies of the administration were escorted out from the area where the PM was making a speech. Also, a Kurdish man who was going to the dentist’s by car was stopped, dragged out of the car, and restrained by the police in Shibuya, Tokyo, having his neck injured which required a month to heal in 2020.

Need for the total social transformation: Japan has been in economic downturn for decades, and the government has been overtly exploiting the public over the past eight years. The society has been aging and the income gap has been widening. Especially, the Abe administration has been cutting the budget for welfare and raising the consumption tax while bailing out big corporations. TPP and FTA with other laws will change the Japanese society into that of today’s America. Poverty will increase and crime rate will rise. The police will show their real face. To avoid the scenario, fundamental transformation of Japan into a fair society, where the existence of the police is meaningless should be worked on. 

早稲田国際教養学部AO入試 The Root Cause of Global Poverty

暴力が貧困の根源であることを示し、権力の僕である警察組織の本質を明らかにしてあるべき姿に変える方法を提案しています。

 

解答のポイント

警官によるジョージ・フロイドさんのリンチに端を発し歴史的規模に達した全米の黒人差別・警察による暴力に対する抗議運動ですが、問題の根深さや歴史の学習を通して世界中で認知されたのは、アメリカがマイノリティーの略奪と奴隷制を基盤とする暴力による搾取構造を今も保っているということでした。この文章は発展途上国の権力による暴力と貧困の関係を扱っていますが類推することで心のこもった解答が書けると思います。

 

主題

警察は国家権力を守る暴力組織であり、貧困対策には権力の暴力を罰する司法制度整備が必要である。

 

本文該当箇所  第1段落 Today, the principal cause of misery in the world isn’t a lack of food or education. It’s violence and lawlessness.  現在、世界のひどい貧困の主要原因は食料や教育の欠乏ではない。暴力と無法状態である。  第3段落 These crimes are rarely punished by law. これらの暴力はめったに法の裁きを受けない。 Often, the police are predators. しばしば、警察が天敵である。  第4段落 The violence is bad enough. But it’s also interfering with development assistance. 暴力だけでも十分悪いが、開発援助も妨げている。　　第5段落 Haugen argues that lawlessness, like joblessness or illiteracy, is a form of deprivation. It’s part of a class structure. 無法状態は失業や識字不能同様貧困の一形態だとホーゲンは主張する。階級構造の一部なのだ。　第8段落 you can’t just do good. You have to grapple with evil. 単に善行を行うのではなく、悪と取っ組み合いで戦わなくてはならない。　第10段落 Authoritarian rulers impose their will by making an example of anyone who stands up to them. 独裁者は反応する者は誰でも見せしめにすることによって意思を押し付ける。 In corrupt police forces, some officers are predators, but others want to serve the public. Most officers are somewhere in the middle, willing to go along with whichever side prevails. 堕落した警察内には、暴力警官もいれば社会奉仕を目指す警官もいて大半はその間のどこかに位置し、優勢な方に着くつもりでいる。第11段落 When citizens in a lawless county see a powerful criminal brought to justice, they’re shocked. They begin to hope. They gain confidence. They raise their voices. The system begins to respond to them. 無法状態の国の市民が権力のある犯罪者が罰されるのを目の当たりにするとショックを受ける。希望を持ち始める。自信を得る。声を上げ始める。それに制度が応じ始める。　第12段落 You can’t police the world. You can only help those who are willing to police themselves. 世界を取り締まることはできない。自身を取り締まる遺志のある人々を助けることしかできない。

 

各段落の要旨

副題　世界中の貧しい人々を助けるためには犯罪と戦わなくてはならない。

第１段落　貧困の主な原因は暴力と無法状態である。

第2段落　戦争だけでなく日常的暴力（性犯罪・奴隷・盗難）が身体障害と死亡の主な要因である。

第3段落　これらの犯罪は法の裁きを受けることがなく、警察の暴力が頻繁にある。

第4段落　暴力は発展も妨げる。国際支援は届かない。（例）女子教育の暴力による妨害

第5段落　無法状態は略奪の一形態であり階級構造の一部である。植民地時代、宗主国は司法と警察を（公共の安全ではなく）自己の利益保護のために設計した。

第6段落　独立後は地元の権力者が自分たちに奉仕（群衆管理・テロ対策・要人警護）するよう刑事司法制度を変えた。

第7段落　法整備をしても法を効果的に行き渡らせることは難しい。（例）奴隷の存在

第8段落　悪と取っ組み合いの戦いをしなくてはならない。（例）世界銀行による道路建設→労働者による性犯罪増加

第9段落　警察廃止は非現実的だ。

第10段落 警察内部は極悪警官と良心的警官の間に大多数の日和見的警官がいるという構造なので大多数を良心的警官側につかせることにより改革が可能である。そのためには極悪警官をなくすことが可能な司法制度の構築を援助しなくてはならない。

第11段落 法が機能しない国で権力者の犯罪が罰されると市民運動がおこり制度が応じる。

第12段落 各政府との共同作業には忍耐と妥協を要する。また、司法制度改革を望まない国に対しては何もできない。

 

（１）問１～４　記号問題

考え方　上記各段落の要旨及び別紙参照

 

（２）「世界を取り締まることはできない。自国を取り締まる意思のある人たちを助けることしかできない。」と筆者は結論しています。賛成ですか反対ですか？答えを支持する為に理由あるいは具体例を解答用紙の解答欄に英語で示してください。

 

考え方　

本文の関連個所を使うか自分の理由・具体例を付ける。

Ideas and Expressions 

Agree:

-As seen in the examples of the World Bank project and the opportunistic property of the police, the reality is distinct and complicated. Therefore, it is impossible to police the world.

-Policing the world is no different from violating autonomy. Invasions have occurred under the banner of intervention of domestic affairs with force. Japan occupied other countries with the excuse of “civilizing” the people. The Iraq War was to “liberate” the people from the dictator. Both caused excruciating suffering among people.

-Reform requires timing. French Revolution occurred after people suffered enough. Defeat in the Pacific War brought the pacifist constitution to Japan. African Americans have been suffering all the time and Black Lives Matter is about ten years old, yet it was not until the emergence of the video showing the lynching of George Floyd during pandemic under failed administration that the whole nation stood by the activists.

 

Disagree:

-Waiting for wills for change will help lose more lives. Rwandan Genocide could have ended earlier if the UN had intervened it. At this moment around the world, there are countless numbers of people who are suffering and dying from everyday violence. We need a strong entity to police the world. Amand Giridharadas says that the fantasy of the win-win is that we can help the people down below without intervening with the people standing on their necks, (that) we can lift the people down below up without disturbing people standing on their neck. It is impossible to end poverty without ending attacks on the oppressed in the first place, and to end police brutality, it should be revealed to the world. If we had some entity to monitor and intervene violence around the world, the world poverty would decline at a faster rate than now.