2017年2月26日日曜日

Pre-TOEFL writing, Which do you prefer, doing work by hand or with machines?

Writing Topic
Some people like doing work by hand. Others prefer using machines. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.


Let’s Think
This question is asking about your preference. Preference is difficult to explain to others who know nothing about you. Thus detailed explanation is necessary.

Hints for Points
Working by hand …
1.    gives you sense of accomplishment.
2.    makes you more creative.
3.    gives your work warmth and individuality.

Working with machines …
1.    is fast and efficient.   e.g. writing
2.    is accurate.      e.g. calculation
3.    allows you to do what you cannot do by hand   e.g. lifting something heavy, plying metal into an interesting shape.


Sample Essay Structures
 Sample Essay Structure A
Introduction = OutlineAdmitting that pursuit of efficiency seems to be related to today’s malady, I still prefer doing jobs with machines to get things done well in a short time.
Good Point 1Machines can do most jobs much better than humans.
Good Point 2Machines can save time, which I can use for other activities.
Working by handI also enjoy making things by hand. I knit for a pastime and make handmade cards for people I like, but these are exceptions. It is a waste of time not to use machines for a routine.
Conclusion = Wrap-upI like to do a job with machines for speed and accuracy.

Sample Essay Structure B
Introduction = OutlineMachines have emancipated us from a lot of drudgery and I know that my life also owes them a lot, but still I assert that hand working is worthwhile.
Reason 1Working by hand is enjoying life.   e.g. cooking
Reason 2Physical work is good for your health.   e.g. cleaning
Why bad points do not matterA job done by hand is often inferior in quality to that of a machine, but the joy of experiencing the tasks is usually more important than the doneness of the finished work to me.
Conclusion = Wrap-upFor what I get from the process, I prefer doing a job by hand to doing it with machine.

Your Sample Essay Structure
Introduction = Outline

Body 1

Body 2

Body 3 (Follow-up)

Conclusion = Wrap-up


Sample Paragraph Development

Working by hand is enjoying life. Experiencing each single step of doing a task makes me feel alive. Ironically, machines steal the precious time for it. By cooking breakfast with an electronic egg-beater and a coffee maker, you miss the pleasant, rhythmic sound you hear when you beat the eggs with chopsticks and the first waft of the aroma you smell when you filter your morning coffee that seem to represent the peace and hope that fill the morning air. By using an automatic floor-cleaner, a mother will miss the delight of being followed by her admirers, her baby and cats, from room to room as she cleans the floor of their house of happiness. By taking the elevator, workers miss the fun they can have taking a glimpse of other departments or companies. Even though some may find them of little significance and I do not blame them for it, I am not going to give up those enjoyable parts of life to machines myself. 

Pre-TOEFL Reading, Summary (L. 41)

Tornado
A tornado c                  s of winds w                 g very quickly and looks like a dark, spinning f                   l hanging down from a dark thundercloud. It is so strong that there is no wind meter that can w              d its force. Although much smaller in size than h                s, tornadoes are the most violent storms known to man. Except for the p           r regions, they occur nearly everywhere, mostly east of the Rocky Mountains, east of the Andes mountains and in eastern India, and they are most c              n in the Unites States. About 150 or more tornados occur every year. They usually occur in the late afternoon or early evening, and from March through October in the case of the Northern H                    e. In the United States, they are called t                    s, which usually occur in March through June. 

The Parthenon

The Parthenon is a temple made of white m                e which was built by the ancient Greek and has been praised as the most perfect building in the world throughout history. It housed the statue of the g                       s known as Athena Parthenos and decorated with s                       s of important events of her life such as her m               s birth and competition with Poseidon. It was originally r                          t with colors. Now it is a colorless r         n and most of the f                  s marble figures are in the British Museum in London, and those few that remain are badly m              d, although its appearance is still a     e-inspiring even today. It is very wisely built. The base, for example, looks straight but is actually curved and this curve s                   s its harshness, making it so pleasing to the e    e.

2017年2月19日日曜日

Pre-TOEFL Reading, Summary (L. 40)

Lesson 27  TEST Summary
Life and Art of Goya
Francisco de Goya y Lucientes (1746-1828) was born in Spain and lived a checkered life. After political, u                      s in Spain happened the I                           n and the French military o                        n, followed by the i                           t of Napoleon’s brother Joseph Bonaparte as King of Spain. Shortly after Spanish King Ferdinand VII was r                                  d as monarch and Goya was rehabilitated, General Rafael Riego and his i                                      s set up a new government and l                                l constitution. When King Ferdinand, backed by military, held power again, Goya, even though given the best position as an artist, went into e                                e for stability and lived the rest of his life coping with deafness and c                                    c illness and working on painting and l                                   c ideas in Bordeaux, France. Although academic art world criticize him for his m                                      c bitterness, his works show repeated disdains against abuse of power and strong empathy for those suffering from i                              s from governments, monarchies and churches. Moreover, c                                  n of the passion and urgency of living and even appreciation of joie de vivre can be seen in his art.



2017年2月14日火曜日

国際教養AO入試 reference, deregulation on financial activities, education and welfare, travel ban, sefurity official appointment, suprime court judge appointment, Israel, Iran,US foreign affairs, US national security policy, US politics - update -

Trump Sets Up Next Great Recession 
February 3, 2017    The Young Turks 

トランプ米大統領:ドッド・フランク法の見直しを指示へ
Justin Sink、Elizabeth Dexheimer、Katherine Chiglinsky  February 3, 2017  Bloomburg
https://www.bloomberg.co.jp/news/articles/2017-02-03/OKSC156JIJV001

トランプ政権「貧困層」をネットから追放 支援プログラム廃止へ
017/02/12 12:00Janet Burns, Forbs Japan
http://forbesjapan.com/articles/detail/15175/1/1/1

Trump's travel ban     January 31, 2017   The Guardian
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/trumps-travel-ban

弱小のイスラム諸国を狙い撃ち、米入国制限はISの思うツボ
Wedge 1/31(火) 12:31配信
http://zasshi.news.yahoo.co.jp/article?a=20170131-00010002-wedge-int

Bannon Is Given Security Role Usually Held for Generals
By GLENN THRUSH and MAGGIE HABERMAN      The New York Times  JAN. 29, 2017
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/29/us/stephen-bannon-donald-trump-national-security-council.html?_r=0

最高裁判事に保守派指名=民主党は抵抗の構え―米大統領
時事通信 2/1(水) 10:12配信
http://headlines.yahoo.co.jp/hl?a=20170201-00000043-jij-n_ame


Trump Embraces Pillars of Obama’s Foreign Policy
By MARK LANDLERPETER BAKER and DAVID E. SANGERFEB. 2, 2017   Tjhe New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/02/world/middleeast/iran-missile-test-trump.html?smprod=nytcore-iphone&smid=nytcore-iphone-share&_r=0

Trump presidency begins with defense of false 'alternative facts'
The Guardian   January 22, 2017
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jan/22/donald-trump-kellyanne-conway-inauguration-alternative-facts

トランプ大統領報道官が初会見で嘘→大統領顧問「嘘じゃない。オルタナ・ファクトだ」→Twitter炎上    今度から嘘がバレたらこう言う?
BuzzFeed  January 23, 2017
https://www.buzzfeed.com/sakimizoroki/t-f-d?utm_term=.unpnGGB07#.loPAppmK0

Noam Chomsky on the Long History of US Meddling in Foreign Elections
Truth.out.com Thursday, January 19, 2017By C.J. PolychroniouTruthout | Interview 
http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/39159-noam-chomsky-on-the-long-history-of-us-meddling-in-foreign-elections

「労働者をダシにするな!」日本のものづくり最前線からトランプ大統領へ「NO!」

2017年2月12日日曜日

Pre-TOEFL Reading, Summary (L. 39)

Fossils in the United States 

The United States is rich in fossils. Most of them are found in s                      y rocks, which originate from sediment pressed down from the weight of the upper layers, and a few of them are found in ice. There are fossils of leaves, and s             s. Dents left in t       ls by moving c             s can be fossils too. The oldest fossils are m                 c traces b                a left over 4 million years ago. The oldest animal fossils are the remains of invertebrates, which are 700 million years old. The oldest v                        e are 500-million-year-old fossil fish. It is e                    ed that only a fraction of a vast number of all the life that lived on the earth remains as fossils. Thomas Jefferson was one of the first American p                                   s. He wrote one of the oldest scientific research papers on a fossil of a v                               e. It was about 3 large fossil c                  s found in western Virginia. He kept a fossil collection in the White House and sent a fossil collecting e                   n to Kentucky as a sitting president.

2017年2月6日月曜日

Pre-TOEFL Reading, Summary (L. 38)

The Wind

The wind is a convection current of the air. The sun warms the ground, the air near it rises, and cold air f                                 s into the area. We feel the f                           of air from cool regions to warm regions as wind. Wind m                   s snow best. Neither rain nor the sun melts snow much unless a                           ied by a warm wind or something that works as a solar c                                 r. Winds that are warm and dry can sublimate a huge amount of snow directly into the dry air almost overnight. The
r                          n of the earth causes the Coriolis effect and this decides the directions of global winds most significantly. Because the points near the e                               r are moving much faster than the points than other points on the earth, the air going north or south from the

 e                                 r cannot go straight but bend to the east. The air going from the poles towards the e                                    r bends to the west because the ground moves faster and faster than its original speed. This is the reason why storm systems in the Northern Hemisphere usually rotate c                                     e and those in the Southern Hemisphere usually rotate in a c                               e.

Pre-TOEFL Reading, Summary (L. 37)

AIDS
AIDS is the a                   d stage of HIV infection, where it has seriously damaged key c              s in the i                 system of the human body. This state will be the causes of i                     diseases and cancers. AIDS is f         , but its progress can be slowed down by treatments. Therefore, early

d                is important for more options for treatment and preventing complications. The five year survival rate is very low although it is improving with advancements in t                     techniques. The incidence of AIDS is about 50% within 10 years of infection. This time d           on the person

Pre-TOEFL Reading, Summary (L. 36)

Glaciers

Paragraph 1: Accumulation of snowfalls c              itself into glacial ice over decades. When it starts moving, it is called a glacier.

Paragraph 2: Glaciers move very           ly. A typical glacier advances about 200 yards a year. The s     s occur when thermal energy melts the lower layer of ice and the water pressure builds up.

Paragraph 3: More than three-quarters of the earth’s f                  is held in the form of ice and some of it melt every spring and summer, to be used for many purposes such as agriculture, energy, and drinking water. Norway and Switzerland depend on melt water from glacier for most of their e              power.

Paragraph 4: Glaciers are found in many places in many forms. Some are in areas carved out of mountainsides by ice e             or on exposed slopes. Some flow down valleys and some of them fill many adjoining valleys, leaving only the highest peaks and r          . In Greenland and Antarctica, ice s             cover the vast land areas.

Paragraph 5: There are about 200,000 glaciers on the earth. In the Unites States, few glaciers are left outside of A           , where there are approximately 2,900 square miles of glacial ice and tourism provides all kinds of activities such as v         glacier from the air or the ocean, walking on the glacier, or paddling amidst the glacier flows.


2017年2月1日水曜日

Pre-TOEFL writing, What are the qualities of a good neighbor?

Writing Topic
Neighbors are the people who live near us. In your opinion, what are the qualities of a good neighbor? Use specific details and examples in your answer.


Let’s Think
If you have some neighbors, you can empirically tell what kind of neighbors are good ones. If you do not, you could draw on your knowledge gained from the media or talks with people around you. You could also imagine an ideal neighbor by asking yourself what kind of neighbor you want to have or you yourself want to be.

Hints for Points
A good neighbor …
1.    is thoughtful.
2.    is helpful.
3.    is gentle.
4.    is cheerful.
5.    does not discriminate against some neighbors.
6.    do not interfere his or her neighbor’s life.
7.    does not bother others by being selfish.
8.    follows legitimate rules.

Sample Description
Good neighbors are empathic. They are like extended family members who are in good terms with you. They respect your privacy but give you a good smile and warm words when you meet them and come help you when you are in trouble. In a traditional society, where most of the members were related, such neighbors were common. If there was a young couple who had their first child cry hard every night, the neighbors would send them a gentle middle-aged housewife, who would ask them if there was anything wrong with their child. By doing so, they saved both the parents and the child. In a modern society, where most inhabitants in an area do not know each other, it is difficult for a next-door neighbor to visit a household with a problem, but similar thoughtful actions would be possible if we seriously think about our neighbors instead of being preoccupied with our own business all the time.