2018年1月5日金曜日

TOEFL iBT、Independent Writing, Technology can bring us more leisure time.

Writing Topic
Consider the following statement. Technology can bring us more leisure time. Do you agree or disagree with this idea? Support your response including specific reasons and examples.


Preparation

Questionnaire



Question 1

Check technologies that you think can increase leisure time.


Question 2

Why do you think so?


Question 3

Check technologies that you think can derease leisure time.


Question 4

Why do you think so?


Your Response

washing machine
bread maker
computer
smartphone
train/car
plane
industrial robot
assembly line
irrigation
others
(                    )



washing machine
bread maker
computer
smartphone
train/car
plane
industrial robot
assembly line
irrigation
others
(                    )



Classmate A’s
Response

washing machine
bread maker
computer
smartphone
train/car
plane
industrial robot
assembly line
irrigation
others
(                    )


washing machine
bread maker
computer
smartphone
train/car
plane
industrial robot
assembly line
irrigation
others
(                    )



Classmate B’s
Response

washing machine
bread maker
computer
smartphone
train
car
plane
industrial robot
assembly line
irrigation
others
(                    )



washing machine
bread maker
computer
smartphone
train
car
plane
industrial robot
assembly line
irrigation
others
(                    )


Classmate C’s
Response

washing machine
bread maker
computer
smartphone
train/car
plane
industrial robot
assembly line
irrigation
others
(                    )



washing machine
bread maker
computer
smartphone
train/car
plane
industrial robot
assembly line
irrigation
others
(                    )




Let’s Think
(1) Let’s compare the following two sentences. What is the difference between their meanings?
1) Technology has brought us more leisure time.
2) Technology can bring us more leisure time.







Hints for Points
Agree
Technology has already freed us from most manual labor It is possible for it to increase leisure time.
技術はすでにほとんどの肉体労働から人を開放している。技術が余暇を増やすことは可能だ。

Disagree
No matter how developed technology people may have, they use it to work more. Thus, technology has no power to increase our free time.
どんなに発達した技術があろうがそれを使ってもっと働く。従って技術は自由時間を増やす力がない。
                                                     

Sample Essay Structure
A
Introduction = OutlineAlthough it is not always the case in reality, it can be said that technology can increase our leisure time.
Point 1Electronic appliances shorten the time we spend on household work.
Point 2Advanced means of transportation provides possibility for leisure activities.
Counterargument-treatmentSome claim that technology can even cause less leisure time citing such cases as developed transportation network makes it possible for students to go to cram schools after school and smart phones make it easier to contact a worker who is off-duty. However, the problem is not in the technology itself but in the society or our values. Even a microwave oven can be the cause of less leisure time for a devoted homemaker who diligently pursues better cooking whenever possible.
Conclusion = Wrap-upIt is society that keeps us busy. It is possible for technology to help us make spare time if we intend to do it.
【導入=概要】実際には必ずしも当てはまらないが技術は余暇を増やすことができると言える。
【要点1】電化製品は家事に費やす時間を短縮する。
【要点2】進んだ交通手段は余暇活動の可能性を提供する。
【反論処理】発達した交通網により学生が放課後塾に行くのが可能になったりスマホにより非番の労働者と連絡を取ることが容易になるといった例を挙げて技術により余暇は減少する可能性さえあると主張する人もいる。しかし問題は技術自体にあるのではなく社会あるいは私たちの価値観にある。電子レンジでさえできるときはいつでもより良い料理を勤勉に追及する熱心な主婦にとって余暇の減少を引き起こす。
【結論=まとめ】忙しくさせるのは社会だ。その気になれば技術の助けで余分な時間を作ることは可能だ。

B
Main Idea=OutlineThere has been talks that robots will do all our jobs and humans will be free from daily routines, but it seems that the future has not been realized yet. Technology has the potential to bring us more free time but I think that most people feel that they have seen better days.
Everyday LifeTechnology can allow us to finish work much earlier than before in many cases, but we are doing more activities in the same amount of time as before.
BusinessRobots are replacing humans in many areas of business, and there is a concern about job loss in many areas. However, in other areas technological innovation expands areas of its application and increases workload and working hours.
Historical EvidenceMost workers seem to have less leisure time than before, especially after the IT revolution. Businesses have come to operate 24 hours year round. Also, in some industries like distributors, humans are failing to keep up with the rate of the transaction done by machines.
Conclusion=Wrap-upTechnology can bring us more leisure time but it has not and will not. It raises productivity, brings some people unwelcome leisure time, and makes the rest work harder.
主張=概略ロボットが私たちの仕事をすべてしてくれ人間は日々の決まり切った仕事から解放されるという話があるがその未来は今のところ実現していないようだ。技術は私たちにより多くのを暇もたらす潜在的可能性は有するが前の方が良かったと思っている人がほとんどだと思う。
日常】多くの場合技術によって以前より仕事を早く終えることは可能だが、私たちは以前と同じ時間内により多くの活動をしている。
【仕事】仕事の多くの分野でロボットが人間にとって代わりつつあり特定の分野では失業の心配がある。しかし他の分野では技術革新により応用範囲が広がり仕事量と仕事時間が増える
歴史的証拠】特にIT革命以降以前より余暇が少ない労働者がほとんどのように思える。会社は年中24時間業務を行うようになった。また流通のように機械による取引の速さに人間がついてゆけなくなりつつある業種がある。
結論=まとめ技術はより多くの余暇をもたらすことは可能だがまだもたらしていないしもたらさないだろう。生産性を上げ、望まぬ暇な時間をいくらかの人にもたらし、そして残りの者はもっと一生懸命働かされる。


Your Sample Essay Structure
Main Idea=Outline

Point 1

Point 2

Point 3

Conclusion=Wrap-up


Conclusion = Wrap-up



Sample Paragraph Development
Main IdeaAdvanced means of transportation provides possibility for leisure activities.
Explanation Technology enables us to arrive at the destination faster than before and leaves time for other activities.
Example For example, the public transportation allows people to move around town more quickly and get their business done a few hours earlier than they do without it.
More Specific ExampleThis especially benefits frail people. If an old person who has difficulty in walking needs to go to a hospital, he or she can take a bus or train to get there, come back by the time it gets dark, and rest or enjoy chatting with friends for a while in the coffee shop near the station before they do the grocery shopping and go home. In the old times, visiting a doctor must have been the only event for the day for those who are physically disadvantaged.
follow-upIt is true that in many cases, shortening transition time does not mean more leisure time as few people in modern society seem to enjoy plenty of spare time. However, this is because it is difficult for most of us to learn to be leisurely. Being assigned or self-assigning more tasks in proportion to the increase of spare time makes it seem that we still cannot go home early.
Wrap-upPotential effect of the development of transportation on the increase of leisure time cannot be denied.
【主張】進歩した交通手段は余暇活動の可能性を提供する。
【説明】技術により以前より速く目的地に着くことが可能になり他の活動のための時間が残る。
【具体例】例えば公共交通機関はそれがない場合よりも素早く街を動き回り数時間早く仕事を早く終わらせることを可能にする。
【より具体的な例】これは特に体が弱い人にとって有益だ。歩くのが困難なお年寄りが病院に行く必要がある場合、電車かバスに乗ってそこに行き、暗くなるまでに帰ってきて駅近くの喫茶店でしばらく休むか友達とおしゃべりを楽しんでから買い物をして帰ることができる。昔は体の不自由な人にとって病院に行くのはその日の唯一の出来事だったに違いない。
【補足】確かに現代社会のほとんどの人が十分な余暇を楽しんでいるようには思えないので、多くの場合移動時間が短くなったからと言って余暇が増えるということにはならない。しかしこれは私たちのほとんどがのんびりすることを習得するのが困難だからだ。余暇の増加に比例してより多くの課題を割り当てられたり自分で作ったりすることにより未だに早く家に帰れないように思えるのだ。
【まとめ】交通機関の発展の余暇の増加に対する潜在的影響は否定できない。

Your Sample Essay Structure
Main Idea

Explanation

Detail / Example

More Specific Detail / Example


Follow-up

Wrap-up



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