2020年7月23日木曜日

早稲田国際教養学部AO入試 Language of Africa - revised -

Day One   Languages in Africa
多言語・多文化社会をかかえるアフリカの国々言語事情を扱った文章です。参考にTrevor Noah Born a Crime(今回のhomeworkで使用)をお勧めします。状況が実感できます。

解答のポイント
主題 アフリカ民族主義の父とされるAlexander Crummellは英語をアフリカの言語より優れていると考えアフリカ人が英語を話すことを恩恵だと考えていたが現在アフリカの国々はほとんどがヨーロッパ言語(特に英語)を公用語とするにもかかわらず国民の大多数は公用語があまり使えず母語は国内に多数ある現地語である。エリート層は旧宗主国の言語(ヨーロッパ言語)を敬愛し現代アフリカ文学をヨーロッパ言語で書いている。現地語の作品が国中で認知を得るためには公用語への翻訳が必要になる。

本文該当箇所  1段落Crummell, who is widely regarded as one of the fathers of African nationalism. had not the slightest doubt that English was a language superior to the “various tongues and dialects” of the indigenous African population:  Crummellはアフリカ民族主義の父の一人と広くみなされているが英語が現地のアフリカ人の「様々な言語や方言」よりも優る言語だと言う事にわずかの疑いも持っていなかった。 Now, over a century later, more than half of the population of black Africa lives in counties where English is an official language, and the same providence has decreed that almost all the rest of Africa should be governed in French or Arabic or Portuguese. 現在、一世紀以上たって、サハラ砂漠以南のアフリカの人口の半分以上が英語が公用語の国に住み、同じ神の摂理(《注》第3文の「神の摂理」のこと)により残りのアフリカのほぼ全てがフランス語かアラビア語かポルトガル語で統治されている。   2段落For―with few exceptions outside the Arabic-speaking counties of North Africa―the language of government is the first language of a very few and is securely possessed by only a small proportion of the population; in most of the English-speaking states even the educated elites learn at t least one of the hundreds of indigenous languages as well as―and almost always before―English. というのは(北アフリカのアラビア語圏外では例外なく)政府の言語が第一言語の人はほとんどおらず、国民のごく一部しかしっかり使えないからだ。英語を話す国々のほとんどではエリートでさえ英語同様に(そしてほとんど常に英語より先に)何百もある現地語の少なくともひとつを身に付ける。   4Yet despite these differences, both French-speaking and English-speaking elites not only use the colonial languages as the medium of government but know and often admire the literature of their ex-colonizers, and have chosen to make a modern African literature in European languages. しかしこれらの違いにも関わらずフランス語が公用語の国と英語が公用語の国両方のエリートたちは統治の媒体として植民地時代の言語を使うだけでなく旧宗主国の文学を知っており、しばしば敬愛している。そして現代アフリカ文学をヨーロッパ言語で書くことを選択してきているのだ。    最終段落 But to find their way out of their own community and acquire national, let alone international, recognition, most traditional languages have to be translated. しかし地域社会の外に出て(国際的にはもとより)国家的認知を獲得する方法を見つけるためには、伝統言語は翻訳されなくてはならないのだ。

各段落の要旨
第1段落 アフリカ民族主義の父とされるAlexander Crummellは英語をアフリカの言語より優れていると考え、アフリカ人が英語を話すことを良いことだと考えていたが、現在、アフリカの国々はほとんどがヨーロッパ言語(特に英語)を公用語とする
2段落 にもかかわらず、国民の大多数は公用語がほとんど使えず、母語は国内に多数ある現地語である。フランス語を公用語とする国では発音以外はネイティブ並みのフランス語を話すエリートがいるが大衆はあまり話せない。
3段落 フランス語の国と英語の国で公用語を話せる人の割合が若干異なる理由は植民地時代の統治政策の違いで、フランスは同化政策を行ったがイギリスは行わなかった(分離政策)。
4段落 エリート層は旧宗主国の言語(ヨーロッパ言語)を敬愛し法律・文学にこれらを使用する。
5段落 口頭伝承による豊かな伝統文化は今も生きており伝統言語による文語もわずかに存在するが、国家レベルの認知を得るためには伝統言語で書かれた作品は公用語への翻訳を余儀なくされる。

問1 Crummelがアフリカの現在の言語状況に満足するかしないかその理由を述べてください。
考え方 Crummelの英語に対する考え方及びアフリカに対して抱いていた理想とアフリカの現状を照らし合わせて解答する。
Ideas and Expressions 
Crummell would not be satisfied with the present language situation in Africa because he thinks it is good for the black people to grow up using English as their mother tongue while this has not technically happened in Africa, where many indigenous languages are still alive and are learned as first languages before English or other European languages as the official languages.

問2 アフリカの英語を公用語とする国で生活することについてどんな利点・欠点があると思いますか。
考え方 「生活」とあるので日常の様々な場面を想像してみる。利点は英語圏との距離感が比較的少なく、外国人との交流や外資系企業への就職のチャンスが多いことが考えられる。 欠点は母語による教育の困難。また、他地域出身者との意思疎通の難しさのため生活の様々な点で支障があるだろう。例えばトレバー・ノアの『生まれたことが犯罪?』では高校の休み時間に生徒が言葉の通じる出身地域ごとに分かれてしまい他地域出身の生徒たちとの交流がほとんどない状況が描かれている。テレビ番組はほとんどが公用語放送か吹き替えの海外の番組で面白くなさそうだ。国内旅行は海外旅行と同じくらい言葉に不自由し、地域間のコンセンサスが取りにくいため協力や社会改革は進まないだろう。
Ideas and Expressions 
Advantages: It would be easier to be internationally active in English-speaking African countries because there are few barriers against communication in English. Exposure to English through media, native English speakers, and foreign companies is large, so the chances to leave the country would be high.
Disadvantages: School children are taught in the official language, in other words, a foreign language as most of the people in English-speaking African countries have their own languages. This deters learning for the obvious reason. Also, deeper communication in various aspects of life could be halted because people cannot use their mother tongue in communicating with those from regions other than their own. For example, in “Born a Crime” by Trever Noah depicts a public high school whose students from various regions group themselves according to their mother tongues and seldom make friends with those from different regions. Most television programs would be boring because they are either in official language or imported programs dubbed in voices. Traveling might be as difficult as traveling abroad in terms of language. Cooperation and social reform would be hampered by lack of consensuses between communities because the country technically stays as a collection of many small nations.

問3 アフリカの国々の言語状況と日本の言語状況との違いは何でしょうか。
考え方 第4&5段落の主張(「部族を超えた国家的伝統創造」の為には外国語である共通語への翻訳が必要)に関する問題。翻訳では微妙なニュアンスが伝わりにくいのでアフリカでは共通語による高度な言語文化発達は困難だと考えられる。日本は「統治言語が単一の伝統言語社会と一致している」ので国全体での言語文化の共有・成熟が可能で洗練された文学が生まれやすいと考えられる。但し国際的な出版に関してはヨーロッパ言語への翻訳が不要なアフリカの作家の方が認知されやすいかもしれない。
Ideas and Expressions 
It must be difficult for peoples in Africa to create a national tradition, transcending the ethnic divisions of their country because most countries in Africa are multilingual societies and their common languages are foreign. Given that their common languages are not directly rooted in their cultures and merely play the role of a communication tool that barely helps convey common denominators of each concept, building a mature culture common to all ethnic groups in a county would be almost impossible, or at least take a long time. On the other hand, the language situation in Japan provides much more favorable environment for the development and sophistication of a language culture than those in Africa because the language of the government corresponds to a single traditional linguistic community. This provides matrix for mature language culture, in which sophisticated literary works can be produced. Be it as it may, when it comes to international publication, writers in Africa have an advantage. Japanese works have to be translated into major languages and the translations fail to convey the essence of the contents but African writers, as written in the passage, have chosen to write in European languages. Thus, their works may have more chances to be recognized by people from other counties.

2020年7月22日水曜日

国際教養学部AO入試 reference, police state, police brutality, mass incarceration, capitalism

Read the excerpt from Confessions of a Former Bastard Cop and answer the following question.

https://medium.com/@OfcrACab/confessions-of-a-former-bastard-cop-bb14d17bc759

Question:
The writer suggests abolishing the current policing system in the US. Do you think the same idea can be applied to the Japanese police? Why/Why not?

Reference:
Michigan Judge Says 15-Year-Old Who Was Jailed for Not Doing Homework Should Not Be Freed
https://www.democracynow.org/2020/7/21/headlines/michigan_judge_says_15_year_old_who_was_jailed_for_not_doing_homework_should_not_be_freed

2020年7月6日月曜日

Pre-TOEFL Writing Suppose you had a chance to take a two-week trip to a foreign country. What country would you most wish to visit? (for recorded class)


Writing Topic
Suppose you had a chance to take a two-week trip to a foreign country. What country would you most wish to visit? 外国に2週間の旅行をする機会があったとしてください。どの国を一番訪れたいですか?


Let’s think
Name countries you would like to visit according to your interests.
興味に従って訪れてみたい国を挙げよう。
e.g.
1) English study―America, England, Canada, Australia, etc. 
2) food―Italy, Spain, China, etc. 
3) ancient history―Egypt, China, India, etc. 
4) animals―Australia, Brazil, Kenya, etc. 
5) familiarityhome stay, study abroad, living as an expatriate family

1.    Narrow down choices based on realistic or personal reasons.
現実的または個人的な理由に基づいて選択肢を狭めよう。
1) time constraint (two weeks)  2) cost 3) safety 


Sample Essay                                                                                                          
If I had two weeks to visit a foreign country, I would go to Indonesia because I want to improve my language skill and visit two places of my interest.

I would like to learn Indonesian used in daily life there. I have studied Indonesian for two years, and now I can have a basic conversation in it. However, I have noticed that people do not speak exactly in the same way as teachers do. They speak colloquial Indonesian and they have accents. I would like to be exposed to them by spending some time in Indonesia.

Indonesia is an attractive country with many magnificent structures and diverse living traditional cultures. Above all, I am interested in Borobudur and Balinese. Although Indonesia is famous as the biggest Islamic country, it has been influenced by many other religions. Borobudur is the largest Buddhist temple in the world with some mysteries in its history. Balinese dance is related to Hindi religion. Although tourism has modernized it, it is still a part of daily life in Bali. I would like to see both of them with my own eyes.

As Japanese, I would not be a totally happy tourist in this country because Japan occupied Indonesia in the past. There are still some old people who speak our language and sing our songs. I cannot imagine how they feel about us and I do not know how I should behave when I meet such people. However, this issue may make the visit all the more meaningful if I communicate with the local people carefully and sincerely.

I would like to deepen my understanding of the language and the culture of Indonesia. Two weeks is not long enough to master the language and see all the cultures, but I think I can get the feel of them.



2020年7月1日水曜日

Pre-TOEFL Writing Do you agree or disagree that it would be a good and useful thing for many foreigners to study the language of your country? (for recorded class)


Writing Topic
Do you agree or disagree that it would be a good and useful thing for many foreigners to study the language of your country? Explain your opinion on this question by offering specific reasons and examples.

Let’s think.
If you were a foreigner, would you choose to study your language? Why do people learn foreign languages?

Hints for Points
Agree
1.    There are many Japanese companies that employ foreigners.
2.    Japan has cultures that many foreigners find interesting or attractive.

Disagree
1.    The Japanese language is a minor language.
2.    You cannot directly study universal thoughts or famous classics through Japanese.

Sample Body Structure

A      Advantages working in Japan
Disadvantages working in other countries
My Opiniona second foreign language

B      Reason to disagree 1deeper understanding of the Japanese culture
Reason to disagree 2mutual understanding
Counterargument-treatment


Sample Essays
Sample A
In the past, my country Japan forced people in other Asian countries we invaded to learn our language, believing our culture was superior to theirs. It is a shameful past act of ours. We Japanese should remember this when we recommend our language as a subject. With this in mind, I agree with the statement that it would be a good and useful thing for many foreigners to study the language of my country.

If the person is to work in Japan, the ability to speak Japanese is a must. Many Japanese companies are in short of workforce due to the shrinking population, but most Japanese speak only Japanese. Therefore, foreign nationals who speak Japanese can find a position in Japanese companies easily, although working conditions are not very good.

On the other hand, in the global job market, the Japanese language skill is not a big advantage compared to those of other major languages. Chinese , Spanish, and English are the most spoken languages. Thus, learning these languages, not Japanese, will help you find a job.

However, learning Japanese as a second foreign language might be a good idea. Japan is still a strong economy and there are many Japanese companies that have branches in other countries. Not only manufacturers but also retailers such as convenience stores and clothing shops from Japan exist in some countries. Thus, Japanese skill is helpful in working in these countries.

Recommendation must be made based on the needs of the person, and, if a foreign person is considering taking up a second foreign language, the person may as well study Japanese to make it one of his or her qualifications on your resumé.


Sample Essay B
I think that it would be a good and useful thing for many foreigners to study the language of Japan, where I live, for the following reasons.

The Japanese cultures such as Japanese food and pop culture are popular around the world, and learning the language will help the deeper understanding of them. For example, Japanese anime fans will enjoy watching anime shows more if they can understand what the characters are saying without having to read the translation.

Another good thing about learning Japanese is that they will be appreciated for making intercultural communication smooth. Unfortunately, not many Japanese speak foreign languages partly because they do not have opportunities to use it and partly because they are not interested in making friends with people from other countries. If more people from abroad visit Japan and talk to the people in Japanese, more Japanese will become open-minded to foreign people.

One of the drawbacks of learning Japanese is that its study involves few original texts of universal philosophical thoughts or world-class classics. English majors can have a special experience of reading Shakespeare in the original text. Japanese majors do not have such a counterpart. Although there are good Japanese writings, they are, even their names are, new to you. However, students of the Japanese language can acquire knowledge of a variety of cultures that are related to Japan because its culture has been influenced by many different cultures from other countries.

In conclusion, it would be a good idea for many people to study Japanese because they can learn the Japanese culture more deeply and contribute to mutual understanding between their countries and Japanese.

2020年6月23日火曜日

Re-TOEFL Reading Lesson 9 補助プリント


Re-TOEFL Reading  Lesson 9  Extra Questions

STEP 1
1.    l. 6 “she refused”は何を拒絶したのですか?


2.    L. 2 “far-reaching consequences” とはどんな結果ですか?同じ段落の表現を使って答えてください。


3.    3段落にある単語を下線部に当てはめて次の文を完成させてください。

キング牧師が主張した白人の反撃対策は、peaceful civil disobedience すなわち

                               reaction だった。


STEP 2
1.    l. 7-~ 9の実験で使われる “face-like-pattern” の図を描いてください。


2.    l. 10-11 の実験で使われる “mix up” された pattern の図を描いてください。


3.    用事が動かない顔の絵に反応するようになるのはいつですか?

4.    顔の認識に関して、大人になっても子供とあまり変わらないほどうまくゆかないのはどんなことですか?


5.    文中の言葉を使って下線部を埋め、下の文を完成させてください。文意は本文の内容とは無関係です。

To disguise yourself as a warrior, you need to buy such                               

as a helmet, a suit of armor, a sword, and a shield.


Pre-TOEFL Lesson 10 STEP 2 補助プリント



1.    オープニングジョークで日本人が笑わない理由は何ですか?



欧米人の聴衆に「英語が下手ですみません。」と言った後、流暢な英語でスピーチをするとどんな誤解をされる可能性がありますか?





2.    以下の英文の空欄に合う言葉を問題で正解にならなかった選択肢の中から選んでください。英文の意味は本文の内容とは無関係です。

     Many non-white women have                                 complex in their appearances.

    Saying exactly what you think is often                                 to others.

    The Japanese word “mishin” is a                                 version of “sawing machine”.

    The old driver panicked and hit the                  gear, causing a traffic accident.

    To say sorry for the poor while doing nothing is                                .

    “You look nice in that dress! It’s not just a                                . You really do!”

    The Black Lives Matter movement                  light on the suffering of African Americans.

2020年6月19日金曜日

Pre-TOEFL Writing There is no benefit in keeping animals in zoos. (for recorded class)

Disagree
It is understandable that some people do not like keeping animals in cages because they feel sorry for them, but I cannot totally agree with the idea that there is no benefit in keeping animals in zoos. The reasons are as follows.

First, zoos are good for entertainment. Animals make people relax and laugh, so family and friends spend time visiting the zoo on weekends. Also, admission fees for zoos are reasonable compared to amusement parks and other places for entertainment. Because zoos can make people happy easily, they are beneficial.

Second, children can learn the importance of life and nature by visiting zoos. They can not only observe animals but also interact with them. Then they become fond of animals, and when they grow up, they will try to protect wild life and the environment.

Third, animals are protected in zoos. They are kept in a cozy place and fed well. There are no predators around unlike in their natural environment. It is said that animals in zoos live longer than wild animals. Thus, animals, especially endangered species, can live safely in zoos.

As I have written above, keeping animals have some benefits. Therefore, it cannot be said that there is no benefit in keeping animals in zoos.



Agree
Zoos are popular, so there seem to be benefits in keeping animals in zoos. However, I agree with the idea that there is no benefit in keeping animals in zoos.

Although people enjoy themselves in zoos, they should know that it is cruel to keep animals in zoos. Animals are kept in a small space and watched by people all day. This is stressful. Many animals in zoos become depressed or sick because of the stress. It is a torture to keep animals in zoos. It is unethical to have fun by watching animals in pain. It is not a real entertainment.

Some people believe that zoos teach children the importance of life and nature, but it is doubtful. Zoos can make children take it for granted that animals are kept in cages. Children should observe animals in their natural habitat. Wild animals are strong and beautiful, yet they are becoming rare. If they experience how precious wild lives are, they will love them from the bottom of their heart.

I do not think zoos contribute to preserving endangered species. They might be able to increase the numbers of them in zoos, but those species cannot live in the wild unless their habitat is protected. Since zoos cannot protect the whole ecosystem, they cannot save vulnerable spices.


In conclusion, I believe that zoos are not beneficial because they are not really entertaining, they cannot teach children the importance of life and nature, and they fail to save endangered species.