Pre-Reading Lesson 21 STEP 2 supplement

正解にならなかった選択肢を使って文を完成させてください。

1. A child that cries loudly in public is described as (                                     ).
   In business, being (                             ) is often the key to success.
2. snakes, spiders and cockroaches are most (         ) by people.
3. Russia and the U.S. have often been (               ) to each other since the end of WWII.
4. A (                  ) child means a child whose parents have not taken enough basic care of the child such as feeding it.
5. He did (                ) well on the test, so the teacher exclaimed, "Brilliant!"
6. Harassment is taken as (            ) by the harasser while it leaves a deep scar in the mind of the harassed.
7. (                          ) conduct done by he government officials such as corruption and falsification made headlines many times this year, too.
8. Thanks Giving, Christmas, and New Year's Eve have (                            ) events that make everyone smile.
9. Showing off what you have, knowing others do not have it, is (                         ).

TOEFL iBT Independent Writing Drill With the help of technology, reading nowadays is more effective.

Lesson 21  Drill

Discuss the following statement, write a short essay on it including sentences with the structures below, and write comments on or correct mistakes of each other’s essay. With the help of technology, reading nowadays is much more effective.

●要求・主張・提案 that S V原形 ～「～だと要求・主張・提案。」（V原形は仮定法現在）

●as well as ～ 「～同様に」 （～は名詞・動名詞およびその相当語句）

Hints for Points: Reference is more effective thanks to information provided online. (e.g. online search for definition, Wikipedia description, pictures and videos, etc.)  Highlighted parts are shared among readers.  Finding a tag on a book is easier than one in an electronic reader.  Terminal screens do not allow marginal notes and make highlighting troublesome even though both of these actions are part of reading which help internalize the content.

Essay    

                                                                                                   

                                                                                                   

                                                                                                    

                                                                                                   

                                                                                                    

                                                                                                   

                                                                                                   

                                                                                                   

                                                                                                   

                                                                                                    

                                                                                                   

                                                                                                   

                                                                                                    

                                                                                                   

                                                                                                    

                                                                                                   

                                                                                                   

Comments

                                                                                                    

                                                                                                   

                                                                                                    

TOEFL iBT Independent Writing, With the help of technology, students nowadays are learning much more effectively. - revised -

Writing Topic

Consider the following statement. With the help of technology, students nowadays are learning much more effectively. Support your response by including specific reasons and examples.

☆Let’s think

1       Have you ever learned with any of the following? How much do you think you learned with it?

electronic dictionary  vocabulary building app  language learning software  online school  Skype

2       Is technology good for learning or learning about any of the following? Why?

understanding   thinking  widening views  memorization  sensitivity  practical skills such as dancing  science  foreign languages  native tongue  art  ethics  the world

3       Do you think students nowadays are learning much more effectively with the help of technology?

☆Hints for points

Agree

1.    Educational materials and sites help students understand subjects more effectively than before.

2.    Information search and comparison of multiple materials have become more efficient than before.

Disagree

1.    Fewer students have the ability to read difficult materials than before because most students do not read novels anymore due to social media.

2.    Many students learn less than before because they copy and paste they want to use for their assignment from the Internet.

Your Sample Essay Structure

【Introduction = Outline】

【Body 1】

【Body 2】

【Body 3】

【Conclusion = Wrap-up】

☆Paragraph Development

A      【Main Idea】Information search and comparison of multiple materials have become more efficient than before.

【Transition】Information technology has allowed us to get necessary information for studies anytime and anywhere.

【Supporting Details】This has made it unnecessary to go to the library or bookstores to find related materials. Google search provides numerous sources in a couple of seconds, and many newspapers and magazines in different languages are available online for free.

【Follow-up】Even when a certain book is necessary, ordering from online bookstores allows us to get a copy within a day or two.

【Conclusion】】Information technology has made it physically efficient to collect good materials.

B      【Main Idea】Fewer students than before have the ability to read difficult materials because most students do not read novels anymore.

【Transition】Reading novels has been proved to enhance the ability to read.

【Supporting Details】Natalie Wexler makes a point in her article, The Power of “Just Reading” a Great Novel that emotional engagement helps readers learn more vocabulary and complex sentence structures.

【Follow-up】Reading through apps can arouse a sentiment but only by reading a long material can a reader go through a deep and strong emotional experience that can only be expressed with a certain word, expression, or syntax.

【Conclusion】Therefore, when students spend most of their reading time on short materials on their phones, their powers of comprehension will deteriorate.

Your test paragraph development:

【Main Idea】

【Transition】

【Supporting Details】

【Follow-up】

【Conclusion】

Pre-TOEFL Grammar & Writing supplement, sentence fragments, fused sentences, and comma splices

Sentence fragments （文の断片）

-       I like animals. For example, cats and dogs.

I like animals. For example, I like cats and dogs.

-       I like cats. Because they are cute.

→ I like cats because they are cute.

→ I like cats. This is because they are cute.

-       I like cats. Though they do not like me.

→ I like cats though they do not like me.

-       I take care of my pets well. So that they can live long.

I take care of my pets well so that they can live long.

Fused sentences (run-on sentences)  （無終止文）

-       After school I went to see my grandmother she was sick in bed I greeted her then I served her dinner she said it was good.

→ After school I went to see my grandmother, who was sick in bed. I greeted her and then I served her dinner. She said it was good.

Comma splice （カンマ結合）

-       The countryside provides plenty of nature and carefree people, this will nurture healthy and relaxed children.

→ The countryside provides plenty of nature and carefree people. This will nurture healthy and relaxed children.

例外

Friendship is the most important in life, I think. （主節の挿入）

TOEFL iBT Independent Writing Compare and discuss the good and bad consequences that might result from building a new university in your community. - rewrite -

Writing Topic

The government of your area has announced plans to build a large, new university. Some people think that your community would be a favorable location for the university; others disagree. Compare and discuss the good and bad consequences that might result from building a new university in your community. Use specific reasons and details to support your essay.

☆Let’s think

1.      What are the good consequences of having a new university built in your neighborhood?

2.      What are the bad consequences of having a new university built in your neighborhood?

☆Hints for points

Good Consequences:

1. better access to information (library, audit program, extension school)

2. stimulation to the local economy (shops, apartments, construction of new facilities)

3. influx of young power (events, volunteering, interaction with the local people, younger population)

Bad Consequences:

1. loss of a large area of nature

2. heavier traffic

3. binge drinking

☆Sample Essay Structure

【Introduction】　The addition seems to have both positive and negative impacts on my society.

【Point 1】A new university would vitalize the economy and the overall morale of our community.

【Point 2】Some adverse effects on the atmosphere of the community are expected.

【Point 3】My hometown already has two universities and has few problems.

【Conclusion】The community would be a little livelier and noisier than now.

Your Sample Essay Structure

【Introduction = Outline】

【Point 1】

【Point 2】

【Point 3】

【Conclusion = Wrap-up】

☆Sample Paragraph Development

【Main Idea】Some adverse effects on the atmosphere of the community are expected.

【Transition】There might be some environmental issues and concern about troublesome behaviors.

【Supporting Details】For example, part of the large hill would be used to build the campus and a new town for the students and people who work there. The number of automobiles and the amount of garbage would increase. Also, the usual habit of some students such as staying up very late or getting drunk in the street may disturb their neighbors.

【Follow up】 However, most of these behaviors can be forgiven as minors’ immaturity and students will learn to behave in time through interaction and communication with the residents.

【Conclusion】 The new university would bring about a loss of nature, which might disrupt the ecology in the area, and some rambunctious students, although the last would not matter very much.

Your test paragraph development:

【Main Idea】

【Transition】

【Supporting Details】

【Follow up】

【Conclusion】